Ⱥ.ɋ. Ⱦɟɫɧɢɰɤɢɣ Сˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːː˃я ˕ˈˑ˓ия ˄и˄ˎˈи˔ˍˑˆˑ ˒ˈ˓ˈ˅ˑˇ˃ и ˒˓˃˅ˑ˔ˎ˃˅ː˃я ˕˓˃ˇиция Ɉɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨ: ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɟɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɦɢɬɪ. ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧɚ (Ⱥɥɮɟɟɜɚ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɈɐȺȾ, 2016, ɫɫ. 504-525. ȼ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɩɚɪɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɜɵɲɥɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɲɟɫɬɨɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚμ ɱɭɜɚɲɫɤɢɣ, ɬɭɜɢɧɫɤɢɣ, ɱɟɱɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ɭɞɦɭɪɬɫɤɢɣ. ȼ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ, ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɞɨɛɚɜɹɬɫɹ Ȼɢɛɥɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɢ (ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ) ɤɪɵɦɫɤɨ-ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɬɭɪɤɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ – ɜɫё ɷɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɫɬɜɭ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɐɟɪɤɜɢ. ɗɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɤɨɥɶ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ – ɧɨ ɜɟɞɶ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɧɟ ɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɢɯ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɚ. Ⱥ ɬɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. ɉɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ «ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ – ɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ», ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ «ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ» ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɤɨɛɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ «ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ», ɩɨɞɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɧɚ ɱɶɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɟμ ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ «ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ» ɩɨɥɭɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ 1 . ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɦ, ɫ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ – ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɫɤɨɩɨɫɚ (ɢɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ (ɞɪ.-ɝɪɟɱ. σțόπος) ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ 2 . ɋɚɦɵɣ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ «ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ», ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɭ ɜɟɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɇɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ Ȼɢɛɥɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɚμ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ ɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ Ȼɨɝɚ ɫ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ? ɗɬɨɬ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɦɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɨɨɛɳɟμ ɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. 1 Nida 1964; Nida – Taber 1969; ɫɦ. ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɜ Statham 2005. 2 ɋɦ., ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, Reiß – Vermeer 1984; Nord 1997; Nord 2003.