Stephen C. L. Gough (*) Professor of Diabetes and Consultant Physician, Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism and Oxford (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. E-mail: stephen.gough@OCDEM.ox.ac.uk Cristóbal Belda-Iniesta Medical Oncologist Associate, Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics of Cancer, IdiPAZ, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain Christopher Poole Epidemiologist, Department of Epidemiology, Pharmatelligence, Pharma Research Centre, Cardiff Medicentre, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK Matthias Weber Head of the Unit for Endocrinology and Diabetes, I Medical Department, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany David Russell-Jones Clinical Director, Royal Surrey County Hospital and University of Surrey, The Cedar Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, UK Bo Falck Hansen Principal Scientist, Diabetes Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Building C9S.27, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark Edoardo Mannucci Director, Diabetes Agency, Department of Emergency, Medicine and Surgery, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Padiglione Ponte Nuovo, Via delle Oblate, 4–50134 Florence, Italy Jaakko Tuomilehto Professor of Public Health, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Adv Ther (2011) 28(Suppl.5):1-18. DOI 10.1007/s12325-011-0047-8 Insulin Therapy in Diabetes and Cancer Risk: Current Understanding and Implications for Future Study Proceedings from a meeting of a European Insulin Safety Consensus Panel, convened and sponsored by Novo Nordisk, held Tuesday October 5, 2010 at The Radisson Edwardian Heathrow Hotel, Hayes, Middlesex, UK Stephen C. L. Gough · Cristóbal Belda-Iniesta · Christopher Poole · Matthias Weber · David Russell-Jones · Bo Falck Hansen · Edoardo Mannucci · Jaakko Tuomilehto Received: May 27, 2011 / Published online: August 19, 2011 © The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com ABSTRACT Introduction: Interest in the possibility of certain insulin treatments having the potential to modify cancer development and prognosis was reawakened in 2009, following publication of several epidemiological studies addressing this issue. This interest extends to how diabetes itself and cancer might be linked, and makes desirable an exchange of expert views and knowledge to enhance understanding in this subject among those treating diabetes and cancer, or those developing diabetes therapies. Methods: A European meeting was convened with participants invited based on known relevant interests in endocrinology, oncology, epidemiology, and insulin analog design and investigation. Experts in these fields were invited to present on relevant topics, with open discussions held after each presentation. Results: Concern over the potential mitogenic properties of certain insulin analogs has