1 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10:1–269, 2007 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1093-7404 print / 1521-6950 online DOI: 10.1080/10937400701597766 HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ALUMINIUM, ALUMINIUM OXIDE, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE Daniel Krewski 1,2 , Robert A Yokel 3 , Evert Nieboer 4 , David Borchelt 5 , Joshua Cohen 6 , Jean Harry 7 , Sam Kacew 2,8 , Joan Lindsay 9 , Amal M Mahfouz 10 , Virginie Rondeau 11 1 Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2 McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 3 College of Pharmacy and Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Kentucky, USA, 4 Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway, 5 SantaFe Health Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, USA, 6 Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts-New England Medical Center, USA, 7 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 8 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 9 Aging-Related Diseases Section, Surveillance Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 10 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA, 11 INSERM E0338 (Biostatistic), Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France Guest Editors: Vic Armstrong and Michelle C. Turner Keywords: aluminium, aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide, speciation, human health, neurotoxicity, exposure, toxicokinetics, toxicology, epidemiology, Alzheimer’s disease, risk assessment DISCLAIMER Although the present report is based primarily on peer-reviewed scientific literature, several abstracts of work in-progress have been cited along with some personal communications that were considered by the authors to be of relevance to their task. The authors included all relevant peer- reviewed scientific literature as of September 1, 2006 in their work. However, the conclusions drawn and the assessment of the health risks of aluminium are restricted to information appearing in the scientific peer-reviewed literature. All doses cited in the report are the doses as the alumin- ium form administered according to the original study. The manuscript has been reviewed and approved for publication by internal review at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency nor does mention of trade names or commercial products consti- tute endorsement or recommendation for their use. The views expressed in the current Special Issue of the Journal are solely those of the authors. Prior to embarking on the assessment, the authors were asked to identify any potential conflicts of interest. None was declared. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment at the University of Ottawa con- ducted a comprehensive review of the potential human health risks associated with exposure to aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide; this study was co-sponsored by the Inter- national Aluminium Institute (IAI) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Address correspondence to Daniel Krewski, Professor and Director McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Room 320, One Stewart Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5. Tel: 613-562-5381, Fax: 613-562-5380. E-mail: cphra@uottawa.ca