65
th
International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada. Copyright ©2014 by the International Astronautical Federation. All rights reserved.
IAC-14-C4.3.8 Page 1 of 8
IAC-14-C4.3.8
DEVELOPING AND TESTING NEW COMPOSITE CATALYTIC BED FOR DECOMPOSITION OF 98%
HTP
Grzegorz Rarata
Institute of Aviation, Poland, grzegorz.rarata@ilot.edu.pl
Paweł Surmacz
Institute of Aviation, Poland, pawel.surmacz@ilot.edu.pl
Highly concentrated (98%+) aqua solution of hydrogen peroxide of HTP class (High Test Peroxide) is
undoubtedly the most attractive replacement for currently used immensely toxic and inherently dangerous
propellants for variety of spacecraft and satellites. The compound is being under considerable experimental research
for its near-future practical utilisation within space propulsion applications. This liquid rocket propellant has a great
potential to be successfully used in thrusters and engines in RCS’s. It does not suffer from many disadvantages
typical for currently used rocket propellants and is now being extensively tested in many other space propulsion
research centres around the world.
The medium (98% HTP) is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic non-volatile and almost non-corrosive transparent liquid.
It is also characterized by relatively high density, low viscosity, high oxidative potential (second after liquid oxygen),
favourable monopropellant properties and rather low cost.
The development of the effective, reliable and long-lasting catalyst bed for the 98% HTP decomposition is the
most significant task to be solved in order to enable the medium to be used in variety space propulsion applications.
Such catalyst bed must be characterised by high repeatability and performance, insensitivity to poisoning, ability to
start without preheating and be able to withstand relatively large number of hot runs.
The paper presents a comprehensive experimental approach towards the identification of high-value structural
catalyst bed (composite catalyst) for the efficient decomposition of 98% hydrogen peroxide of HTP class. The
following aspects of the design process and experimental testing of the new composite catalyst bed are presented:
designing, developing and laboratory testing of new composite (structural) catalyst bed. The catalyst bed has been
built through the combination of the pellet Mn
x
O
y
alumina catalysts with metal-ceramic grid platinum catalyst
integrated into a small, compact structure.
The hot tests have enabled characterisation of both catalytic and propulsive performance in terms of:
decomposition temperature, number of short hot runs (~ 15 s), resistance to poisoning, efficiency, repeatability and
thermal and mechanical hardness. A kind of demonstrator monopropellant thruster utilising this new catalyst bed has
also been tested towards its thrust and specific impulse.
NOMENCLATURE
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ACS Attitude Control System
Al
2
O
3
Aluminum oxide
γ-Al
2
O
3
Gamma-aluminum oxide
Co Cobalt
Cr Chromium
Fe Iron
H
2
O
2
Hydrogen Peroxide
HDPE High Density Polyethylene
HTP High Test Peroxide
IoA Institute Of Aviation
Kv Flow factor
La Lanthanum
LOX Liquid oxygen
MMH Mono-methyl hydrazine
Mn
x
O
y
Manganese oxides
NTO Nitrogen tetroxide
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
RCS Reaction Control System
RFNA Red fuming nitric acid
SiO
2
Silicon dioxide
Sm Samarium
UDMH Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
I. INTRODUCTION
Present-day storable rocket propellants for satellite
applications, such as oxidisers: dinitrogen tetroxide
(NTO), red fuming nitric acid (RFNA), mixed oxides of
nitrogen (MON) or fuels and monopropellants: high
purity anhydrous hydrazine and its derivatives
(monomethylhydrazine – MMH, and unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine – UDMH), require costly handling,
transportation, and extraordinary safety precautions
during their storage. This is all due to their highly toxic,
volatile and corrosive nature. However, maintaining
high performance while lowering hazards is still
extremely difficult task. What more, it is commonly