RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS River Res. Applic. 21: 757–771 (2005) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/rra.882 PRE- AND POST-REFORESTATION GULLY DEVELOPMENT IN MANGATU FOREST, EAST COAST, NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND MICHAEL MARDEN, a * GREG ARNOLD, b BASIL GOMEZ c and DONNA ROWAN a a Landcare Research Ltd, PO Box 445, Gisborne, New Zealand b Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand c Geomorphology Laboratory, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA ABSTRACT Following clearance of the indigenous forest and conversion of the land to pasture early in the 20th century, gully erosion became a pervasive feature in the headwaters of the Waipaoa River basin, and was notably problematic in the 140-km 2 area now covered by the Mangatu Forest. In this area, before reforestation in 1961, gully erosion affected c. 4% of the terrain. After a 24-year exotic reforestation programme the area affected by gullies was reduced to 1.5%, but of the eight gullies larger than 10 ha in 1960 none had stabilized by 1988, although four had at least halved in size. Estimates that a gully will stabilize or increase in size under a range of conditions suggest that in the case of gullies <1 ha in area, formed in terrain underlain by Cretaceous rock, there is a >80% probability of stabilization after one forest rotation (c. 24 years). For gullies between 1 and 5 ha in area the probability of stabilization is c. 60%. Gullies of 5 ha have an even chance of stabilizing over the time frame of a single rotation. The key determinant is gully size and shape at the time of planting and, within this size range, these relationships were stronger for linear than for amphitheatre-shaped gullies. Between 1939 and 1988 sediment production from gullies in the portion (76%) of the Mangatu Forest underlain by Cretaceous-aged rock was c. 22 000 t km 2 yr 1 , and during the period of maximum sediment production (1939–1960) they may have accounted for c. 17% of the Waipaoa River’s average annual suspended sediment load. Reforestation reduced the contribution to c. 8% in the period between 1970 and 1988. However, the off-site (downstream) impact of sediment generated by the remaining 420 active gullies in the Waipaoa River catchment is significant, not least on the capacity of the scheme that protects high-value agricultural land on the Poverty Bay Flats from flooding. A targeted reforestation programme may be an alternative to raising the height of the existing artificial levees. It is estimated that additional exotic plantings totalling c. 15 400 ha (c. 7% of the Waipaoa River basin area) would produce a >64% reduction in sediment production from gullies on pastoral hillslopes within one forest rotation (c. 24 yr). Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: gully erosion; reforestation; gully stabilization; sediment production; Mangatu Forest INTRODUCTION Erosion ... (predominantly gullies, earthflows and shallow landslides) ... is as spectacular in its quick and often irreversible degradation of otherwise good land as it is tragic in its economic implications for individual prop- erty owners and for the district as a whole. Where such erosion has developed on a large scale the cost of erosion control far exceeds the value of pastoral production from the land concerned. There is therefore no known way of economically controlling erosion of this kind other than by complete reforestation. (NWASCO, 1970) Accelerated erosion by gullying can make a major contribution to the sediment yield of steepland catchments (Le Bourdiec, 1972; De Rose et al., 1998). Gully initiation is commonly explained in terms of process thresholds for incision (Patton and Schumm, 1975; Prosser and Abernethy, 1996), and is often linked with the degradation or eradication of vegetation cover (Lyell, 1849; Graf, 1979; Prosser and Slade, 1994; Prosser and Soufi, 1998). Stu- dies of the morphology and evolutionary development of gullies (relatively deep and rapidly eroding channels) Received 8 February 2004 Revised 6 August 2004 Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 12 August 2004 *Correspondence to: Michael Marden, Landcare Research Ltd, PO Box 445, Gisborne, New Zealand. E-mail: mardenm@landcareresearch.co.nz