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www.TSP-Journal.com
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
The Sport Psychologist, 2014, 28, 91-102
http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0015
© 2014 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Larsen is with the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Bio-
mechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Alfermann is with the Institute of Sport Psychology and Sport
Pedagogy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Henriksen
is with the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics,
University Of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Chris-
tensen is with the Center for Medical Education, University of
Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
Preparing Footballers for the Next Step:
An Intervention Program From an Ecological Perspective
Carsten H. Larsen Kristoffer Henriksen
University of Southern Denmark University Of Southern Denmark
Dorothee Alfermann Mette K. Christensen
University of Leipzig University of Aarhus
The purpose of this article is to present practitioners and applied researchers with speciic details of an
ecological-inspired program and intervention in a professional football (soccer) club in Denmark. Based on
an ecological agenda, the aim is to reinforce the culture of psychosocial development in the daily practice
of a professional football academy, provide the skills required to succeed at the professional level and create
stronger relations between the youth and professional departments. The authors suggest six principles as
fundamental governing principles to inform an intervention inspired by the holistic ecological perspective.
Descriptions of the intervention program and indings are presented in four interconnected steps. Insights are
provided into delivery of workshops, the supervision of the coach, on-pitch training, evaluation of the program,
and integrating sport psychology as a part of the culture within the club.
Keywords: soccer, athletic talent development environment, career transition, elite sport, talent development,
consulting
About 265 million people regularly play football
(i.e., soccer) and football is considered to be one of the
most popular sports in the world (Haugaasen & Jordet,
2012). The major professional clubs around the world
spend increasing amounts of money on salaries for world-
class players and nowadays professional football, includ-
ing talent development in youth football, is increasingly
characterized by big business, high politics, and profes-
sionalization (Persson, 2011; Roderick, 2006). Accord-
ing to the Finnish sports sociologist Kalevi Heinilä, the
professionalization of sport is the result of the totalization
of sport (Heinilä, 1982), which is the fact that success in
international competition is a matter of a well-functioning
national sport system including coaching expertise, train-
ing facilities, and scientiic research (Vettenniemi, 2010).
In this process of professionalization and totalization,
sport psychological intervention becomes an important
factor as a way to optimize the performance of a team or
an athlete. Danish football is also part of the increased
professionalization and totalization of sports (Persson,
2011), but the majority of Danish football clubs are not
able to buy enough foreign professional players for their
irst team. Therefore, Danish clubs put their faith and
efforts in talent development and the predominant aim
of youth development programs is to develop players
for the irst team. Therefore, the clubs depend on the
possibility of making a proit with sales to other clubs in
an international market, and in this way young players
and their successful transition to the senior professional
level are a necessary resource for the professional depart-
ment and the economy of the club. In this article we
will present sport psychology practitioners and applied
researchers with details of an intervention program in
a Danish professional football club, which is inspired
by the ecological perspectives emerging in recent sport
psychology literature. The intervention aims to facilitate
the players’ transition from talented youth level to the
professional level.
The transition from talented youth level to profes-
sional level is considered to be the most dificult and
complex transition in sports (Stambulova, 2009). Accord-
ingly, research illuminates that the path to the professional
ranks is growing harder each day and expectations and
demands are high. As an example, it has been demon-
strated that of 265 million footballers across the world
only 0.04% play in a professional league, suggesting that