Section 6 Materials of Engineering BY EUGENE A. AVALLONE Consulting Engineer; Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus, The City College of The City University of New York HAROLD W. PAXTON United States Steel Professor Emeritus, Carnegie Mellon University JAMES D. REDMOND Principal, Technical Marketing Resources, Inc. MALCOLM BLAIR Technical and Research Director, Steel Founders Society of America ROBERT E. EPPICH Vice President, Technology, American Foundry Society L. D. KUNSMAN Late Fellow Engineer, Research Labs, Westinghouse Electric Corp. C. L. CARLSON Late Fellow Engineer, Research Labs, Westinghouse Electric Corp. J. RANDOLPH KISSEL President, The TGB Partnership LARRY F. WIESERMAN Senior Technical Supervisor, ALCOA RICHARD L. BRAZILL Technology Specialist, ALCOA FRANK E. GOODWIN Executive Vice President, ILZRO, Inc. DON GRAHAM Manager, Turning Products, Carboloy, Inc. ARTHUR COHEN Formerly Manager, Standards and Safety Engineering, Copper Development Assn. JOHN H. TUNDERMANN Formerly Vice President, Research and Technology, INCO International, Inc. JAMES D. SHEAROUSE, III Late Senior Development Engineer, The Dow Chemical Co. PETER K. JOHNSON Director, Marketing and Public Relations, Metal Powder Industries Federation JOHN R. SCHLEY Manager, Technical Marketing, RMI Titanium Co. ROBERT D. BARTHOLOMEW Associate, Sheppard T. Powell Associates, LLC DAVID A. SHIFLER MERA Metallurgical Services DAVID W. GREEN Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA ROLAND HERNANDEZ Research Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA JOSEPH F. MURPHY Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA ROBERT J. ROSS Supervisory Research General Engineer, Forest Products Lab, USDA WILLIAM T. SIMPSON Research Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Lab, USDA ANTON TENWOLDE Supervisory Research Physicist, Forest Products Lab, USDA ROBERT H. WHITE Supervisory Wood Scientist, Forest Products Lab, USDA STAN LEBOW Research Forest Products Technologist, Forest Products Lab, USDA ALI M. SADEGH Professor of Mechanical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York WILLIAM L. GAMBLE Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ARNOLD S. VERNICK Formerly Associate, Geraghty & Miller, Inc. GLENN E. ASAUSKAS Lubrication Engineer, Chevron Corp. STEPHEN R. SWANSON Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah 6-1 6.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Revised by E. A. Avallone Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 Specific Gravities and Densities and Other Physical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 6.2 IRON AND STEEL by Harold W. Paxton Classification of Iron and Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13 Effect of Alloying Elements on the Properties of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18 Principles of Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19 Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20 Thermomechanical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 Commercial Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 Tool Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28 Spring Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29 Special Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29 Stainless Steels (BY JAMES D. REDMOND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29