DIVIDED LANDSCAPES, FRAGMENTED IDENTITIES: EAST BENGAL REFUGEES AND THEIR REHABILITATION IN INDIA, 1947-79 Gyanesh Kudaisya Centre for Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum zyx & Library, New Delhi ABSTRACT zyxwvut The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 was followed by the forced uprooting of an estimated 18 million people. This paper focuses on the predicament of the minority communities in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) who were uprooted and forced to seek shelter in the Indian province of West Bengal. It considers the responses of Indian federal and provincial governments to the challenge of refugee rehabilitation. A study is made of the Dandakaranya scheme which was undertaken after 1958 to resettle the refugees by colonising forest land: the project was sited in a peninsular region marked by plateaus and hill ranges which the refugees, originally from the riverine and deltaic landscape of Bengal, found hard to accept. Despite substantial official rehabilitation efforts, the refugees demanded to be resettled back in their “natural habitat” of Indian Bengal. However, this was resisted by the state. Notwithstanding this opposition, a large number of East Bengal refugees moved back into regions which formed a part of erstwhile undivided Bengal where, without any government aid and planning, they colonised lands and created their own habitats. Many preferred to become squatters in the slums that sprawled in and around Calcutta. The complex interplay of identity and landscape, of dependence and self-help, that informed the choices which the refugees made in rebuilding their lives is analysed in the paper. INTRODUCTION In August 1947, the transfer of power in the Indian subcontinent after almost 200 years of colonial rule was marked by momentous events which have come to be known by the unfortunate term “partition.” Two nation-states, India and Pakistan, were created along religious lines. People, lives and property were greatly affected as the new boundaries led to what was then conveniently described as the “exchange of populations” or forced migration and uprooting of over 18 million people amidst unprecedented violence and disorder. Estimates of casualties vary enormously, but contemporary accounts put the number of deaths in the range of a quarter to one million. Punjab and Bengal, the provinces that were divided, experienced the disruptions of partition most acutely. The bulk of the killings took place in Punjab where, on both sides of the newly-created borders, the minority communities were almost z Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol. 17, No. zyxw 1 (1 996), zyxw 24-39