overseas or within the United States if any family member was suspected to have been involved in the traicking of that child and therefore a potential criminal. Goździak expresses frustration at how law enforcement and policymakers posit that illegal migration is linked to sophisticated organized crime syndicates; her research, and that of others, shows that the majority of the youth did not perceive their families as traickers, nor did these families belong to any organized criminal chains. his carceral attitude casts a shadow upon the provision of social services ater “rescue”; by labelling victims’ families as “criminals,” police and social-service providers lose victim trust, a profound misstep in victim rehabilitation and integration into wider society. Goździak further argues that policymakers’ and advocates’ reports of traicking overwhelmingly portray sexual exploi- tation, “being chained to a brothel bed,” as the predominant harm to traicked youth: “Pictures of sexually exploited girls summon more sympathy than descriptions of traicked men toiling in the ields for a pittance to put tomatoes and lettuce in our salad bowls” (68). As Goździak’s case studies show, while many youth had experienced sexual abuse before or during their migration journeys, most were caught up in other forms of labour exploitation and did not identify as sex- traicking victims unless prompted by their case managers. Perhaps the most compelling section is the concluding chapter situating traicking survivorship in the context of social studies of childhood. he image of a supposedly monolithic “traicked child” is a fallacy that Goździak ardently challenges. Her critical feminist attention to the cultural, racial, and classed dimensions of how youth from diferent regions perceive their own agency and resiliency is a crucial argument toward adapting rehabilitative services to more comprehensively serve young people who have been exploited but do not identify as victims or as children. his book is notable for its accessibility and is written largely without pretence or jargon, despite the ambitious scope. It will serve as a useful, comprehensive introduction for scholars of migration studies, cultural anthropology, and related ields. Goździak’s work is a welcome addition to the critical study of anti-traicking institutions and services, a nuanced and compassionate portrayal of the complex lived realities of young people who move and migrate, however precariously, in search of better opportunities and futures. Mitali hakor is a postdoctoral fellow in Gender and Sexu- ality Studies and Anthropology at Northwestern University. he author may be contacted at mitali@northwestern.edu. Bread from Stones: he Middle East and the Making of Modern Humanitarianism • Keith David Watenpaugh Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015, 272 pp. T his is a very timely and carefully researched contri- bution to the literature that has emerged to mark the centenary of the First World War. he title alone lays the foundation for its subject matter: the desperation of peo- ple (especially children) caught up in war, poverty, depriva- tion, massacres, death marches, and genocide. he reference to bread and stones is not only attributed to the New Tes- tament, but also can be found in Armenian, Turkish, and Arabic folklore. With this backdrop, Watenpaugh draws the reader into his text by prefacing the two beginnings of his work: irst, a humanitarian report by Karan Jeppe, written in Baalbeck, Lebanon, in 1922, ater the collapse of eforts to repatriate the vast population of Armenian refugees to their homelands in Anatolia; and second, a friendship with Ann Z. Kerr who introduced Watenpaugh to the work of her father-in-law, Stanley E. Kerr, in Near East Relief and his book, he Lions of Marash (1975), along with other family archives, letters, photographs, and memoirs. Bread from Stones was written as the modern Middle East descended into a humanitarian disaster that, in the degree of sufering and international complicity as well as indiference, resembles what occurred during and follow- ing the First World War. It is tempting to draw parallels between past and present: the immense lows of forced migrants across international borders, the even larger scale of internally displaced people, the drive to contain the pop- ulation in the region of conlict, and the rise of smuggling, traicking, and sexual violence across the Middle East. As Watenpaugh relects, these “echoes resound across the same territories of inhumanity and humanitarian response” (xv). his book explores the role of humanitarianism in the his- tory of human rights in the twentieth century and addresses how the concept of shared humanity informed bureaucratic, social, and legal humanitarian practices. While humani- tarianism existed before the early twentieth century that Watenpaugh addresses in this book, in previous periods Volume 32 Refuge Number 3 151