Cultural Accommodation and Exchange in the Refugee Experience: A German-Jewish Musician in Shanghai Christian Utz This article uses biography as a means of penetrating the musical culture of Shanghai at a particular historical moment. The multi-faceted interaction of the German-Jewish refugee composer Wolfgang Fraenkel with his Chinese host environment between 1939 and 1947 affords a rare opportunity to observe the processes by which musical influence takes place  / an influence flowing both from Fraenkel to his Chinese students and from Chinese culture into Fraenkel’s own music and thinking, however tentatively. Although in his public and semi-public musical life, Fraenkel was pragmatic rather than idealistic, he was one of the few who were willing to confront ethnic separation and prejudice. Keywords: Wolfgang Fraenkel (1897 /1983); Exile Shanghai; Twelve-Tone Technique in Asia; Sang Tong (b. 1923); Shanghai Conservatory of Music; Shanghai Municipal Orchestra; Mario Paci; Konoe Hidemaro¯(1898 /1973); Julius Schloß; Karl Steiner; Ding Shande; Vinzenz Hundhausen (1878  /1955); Musical Modernism in China History is made by individuals and this is even / or especially / true for modern Chinese music history. Applying to this context Giambattista Vico’s observation that man can know only what he has made himself, as employed by Edward Said in his study of Orientalism (1995, 4  /5), we might ask how exactly Western individuals have contributed to the music of 20th-century China: which developments, which debates have they triggered, supported or opposed; how have they helped to construct China’s Christian Utz is currently guest professor of theory and analysis at the University of Music and Dramatic Arts in Graz, Austria. He completed his doctorate (published 2002) at the Institute for Musicology, Vienna, with a thesis on New Music and Interculturality: From John Cage to Tan Dun. Research interests include Jewish composers in Asian exile and the relationship between traditional and contemporary music in Asia. Correspondence to: Mariahilferstr. 56/27, A-1070 Vienna, Austria. Email: mail@christianutz.net Website: http://www.christianutz.net Ethnomusicology Forum Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 119  /151 ISSN 1741-1912 (print)/ISSN 1741-1920 (online) # 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd DOI: 10.1080/1741191042000215309