Research Article
Charles Cotton: New Zealand’s most
influential geomorphologist
Michael Crozier and Rebecca Priestley
Institute of Geography, School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of
Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
Abstract: Charles Cotton was New Zealand’s foremost advocate for geomorphology.
His publications were recognised nationally and internationally, informing educational
curricula and captivating the wider public. His approach to landform study was
strongly influenced by The Geographical Cycle espoused by William Morris Davis of
Harvard University. For the first half of the 20th century, The Cycle constituted the
dominant paradigm of landform studies, but it was ultimately severely criticised and
abandoned as unrealistic. While Cotton lost credence among some academics for his
reluctance to abandon The Cycle, his elegantly illustrated written work made a lasting
contribution to many branches of earth science.
Key words: Charles Cotton, geomorphology, the geographical cycle, Victoria Univer-
sity of Wellington, William Morris Davis.
In 1968, as recipient of a student leader travel
award, I (Michael Crozier) had the opportunity
to attend Cornell University, in the USA, and
sit in on a graduate geomorphology course run
by Professor Arthur Bloom. The textbook for
the course was Geomorphology: An Introduc-
tion to the Study of Landforms, by C.A. Cotton
(seventh edition, revised 1958 and reprinted in
1960). As a young PhD student studying at the
University of Otago at the time, I was surprised
(and somewhat unsettled) on two counts; first,
that a New Zealand author’s work should be
studied at such a prestigious overseas univer-
sity and second, that anyone still bothered with
this book, because by this time New Zealand
universities had largely relegated Cotton’s
work to the arena of historical interest only.
Exactly 40 years later, I found myself resolutely
defending Cotton’s work before the Environ-
ment Court in an appeal on Meridian’s Project
West Wind, a wind farm planned for Cotton’s
uplifted peneplain (the K surface) at Makara,
west of Wellington City. His work, I had discov-
ered with time, was not as obsolete as I had
been led to believe by my teachers, even after
more than half a century. This paper will
explore Cotton’s widespread academic influ-
ence, his fall from mainstream acceptance and
his academic and popular legacy.
Cotton’s career
Charles Andrew Cotton (see Fig. 1) was born in
Dunedin in 1885, but he spent much of his
childhood travelling, to which his daughter
attributes his shyness. His father was captain of
the clipper barquentine Frank Guy, and the
Cotton family and small crew roamed the
world seeking cargo. Cotton’s mother taught
him aboard ship, but when he was 11 years old,
Note about authors: Michael Crozier is Emeritus Professor of Geomorphology at Victoria University of
Wellington and President of the International Association of Geomorphologists; Rebecca Priestley, a former
student of Michael Crozier, is a science historian specialising in New Zealand science history.
E-mail: michael.crozier@vuw.ac.nz
New Zealand Geographer (2011) 67, 79–89
© 2011 The Authors
New Zealand Geographer © 2011 The New Zealand Geographical Society
doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7939.2011.01201.x