Ȼɢɨɦɢɤɚ, 2016, Ɍɨɦ 8, № 3, 208-214 http://biomics.ru ɇɈȼɕɃ ɉɈȾɏɈȾ Ʉ ɋȿɅȿɄɐɂɂ ɋȿɆȿɃ ɌȿɆɇɈɃ ɅȿɋɇɈɃ ɉɑȿɅɕ A. M. MELLIFERA ɉɈ ȽȿɇȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɏȺɊȺɄɌȿɊɂɋɌɂɄȺɆ Ɋ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɶɹɫɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɨɫɤɪɹɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɇɢɤɨɥɟɧɤɨ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɛɢɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɍɮɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ, 450054, ɝ. ɍɮɚ, ɩɪ. Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɹ, 71. E-mail: apismell@hotmail.com ȺɇɇɈɌȺɐɂə ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɵ A. m. mellifera ɍɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɱɟɥ «ɸɠɧɵɯ» ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜ A. m. caucasica ɢ A. m. carpatica Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚ ɢ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɢɡɦɚ 9 ɦɢɤɪɨɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɥɨɤɭɫɨɜ ɹȾHK. ɇɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ( Ho=0,24, Hs=0,23, Ht=0,28, Fis=0,06, Fit=0,14, Fst=0,17) ɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ ( Ho=0,20, Hs=0,16, Ht=0,15, Fis=0,23, Fit=0,35, Fst=0,11) ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɵ A. m. mellifera ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɵ ɫ ɢɧɬɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɟɣ “ɸɠɧɵɯ” ɝɟɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 5%, ɢ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɩɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ A. m. mellifera (Ho ≤ 0,30, Hs ≤ 0,30, Ht ≤ 0,30, Fis ≤ │0,45│, Fit ≤ │0,55│, Fst ≥ │0,11│). Ʉлючевые словɚ: ɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɱɟɥɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɨɮɨɧɞɚ, Apis mellifera mellifera, ɦɢɤɪɨɫɚɬɟɥɥɢɬɧɵɟ ɥɨɤɭɫɵ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɝɟɬɟɪɨɡɢɝɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɢɧɛɪɢɞɢɧɝɚ . ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ Ɇɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɚɹ ɩɱɟɥɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ [Pinto et al., 2012] . ɗɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɍɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɨɩɵɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɱɟɥ. ɉɱɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɚ A. m. mellifera, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɍɝɪɨɡɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɝɟɧɨɮɨɧɞɚ A. m. mellifera, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɸɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɨɮɨɧɞɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɱɟɥ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɵ [Nedic et al., 2014]. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɝɢɛɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ [ ɂɥɶɹɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 2015ɚ]. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɵ Apis mellifera. ɂɡ 30 ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɱɟɥ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɋɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɋɜɟɬɚ, 24 ɚɥɥɨɩɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɹɸɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ [Ruttner 1988; Hepburn, Radloff, 1998; Engel, 1999; Sheppard, Meixner, 2003; Meixner et al., 2011; ɂɥɶɹɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ., 2015ɛ] . ɂɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɱɟɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɩɱɟɥɚ Apis mellifera mellifera ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɡɤɨɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɫ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɡɢɦɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɱɟɥ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɩɱɟɥ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜ [Ruttner 1988; Garnery et al., 1998; Franck et al., 2001; De la Rua et al., 2002; Schneider et al., 2004; Jensen et al., 2005]. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 100 ɥɟɬ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɩɨɞɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɱɟɥ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ A.m.ligustica, A.m.carnica, A.m.carpatica, A.m.caucasica, A.m.cecropia, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɋ, ɢɡ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɭɸ, ɚɛɨɪɢɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɟɧɨɮɨɧɞ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɱɟɥɵ ɛɵɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧ [Bouga et al., 2005; Uzunov et