J. Sustainable Energy Eng. © 2016 Scrivener Publishing LLC 1
*Corresponding author: andreipopa@chevron.com
Clustering-Based Optimal Perforation Design
Using Well Logs
Andrei S. Popa
1
*, Steve Cassidy
1
and Sinisha Jikich
2
1
Chevron North America Exploration and Production, Bakersfield 93311, California, USA
2
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 40507, Pennsylvania, USA
Received February 07, 2016; Accepted April 22, 2016
Abstract: In an effort to better understand the well performance in one of the
Chevron’s assets in San Joaquin Valley, a study was conducted to evaluate
the perforation strategies and capture best practices. Well completion
through perforation is typically performed using bare essential technology
such as wireline logs and perforation guns. For basic reservoir formations,
simple rules-of-thumb are used for perforation spacing and interval
lengths. These are rarely validated by other methods, such as production
logging and micro-seismic monitoring. For more challenging lithology, a
more appropriate approach would be to place perforation clusters in target
formations with similar properties. The research presents an efficient use of
fuzzy clustering technology for identification of the optimum perforation
strategy in a challenging waterflood diatomite reservoir. The methodology
was applied on all newly drilled wells in the reservoir (within the last two
years), and we found that this new approach improved our understanding
over previous practices, not only by designing optimum perforations, but
also an increased production was observed. Cluster analysis is the task of
grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called
a cluster) are more similar to each other (in some sense or another) than to
those in other clusters. There are two commonly used types of clustering
methods: hard and fuzzy clustering. In hard clustering, data is divided into
distinct clusters, where each data element belongs to exactly one cluster.
In fuzzy clustering, data elements can belong to more than one cluster,
and associated with each element is a set of membership levels. The fuzzy
clustering algorithm, also known as Fuzzy C-Mean (FCM) algorithm, was
applied to log data of wells from different areas of a reservoir. Based on the
clustering results, the workflow then identified whether the perforation was
performed on “good” regions (sand) or on “bad” regions (shale bedding).
This information allowed the evaluation of the perforation jobs executed
and also allowed capturing best practices and design changes for future well
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