Retinal Vessel Detection Using Genetic Algorithm Ramadan Mahmood Ramo Computer Science Department Cihan University / Duhok Ahmed Hassan Zaker Computer Science Department Cihan University / Duhok Abstract – This paper presents a novel algorithm for the efficient detection and measurement of retinal vessels, which is general enough that it can be applied to both low and high resolution fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms upon the adjustment of only a few intuitive parameters. Firstly, we describe the simple vessel segmentation strategy, We will rely on this research on the use of artificial intelligence techniques in the detection of the blood vessels in the retina where they are relying on the use of the algorithm genetic to identify and distinguish the blood vessels in the retina where this algorithm achieved accuracy in the diagnosis of these vessels have been fired term (VGA) on this proposed algorithm. Introduction Variations in blood vessel diameters occur as part of the autonomous control of blood flow in healthy subjects and at different stages in the pulse cycle , while sustained changes may also indicate the presence of some pathologies . Measurements of vessel calibre are therefore of interest both to physiologists looking to better understand the regulation of blood flow and to clinicians interested in the prediction, diagnosis or progression of disease . Of particular importance are retinal images, as these may be used to directly visualise blood vessels non-invasively in vivo. However, accurate quantification of changes in vessel calibre is difficult to automate fully because of large variations in image type, size and quality. In practice, measurements are frequently obtained using semi-automated computer-assisted methods , which can be both laborious and open to user-bias. I Vessel Blood The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word vascular, meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel. A few structures (such ascartilage and the lens of the eye) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled avascular. The arteries and veins have three layers, but the middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins: • Tunica intima (the thinnest layer): a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells glued by polysaccharide intercellular matrix, surrounded by a thin layer of subendothelial connective tissue interlaced with a number of circularly arranged elastic bands called the internal elastic lamina. • Tunica media (the thickest layer in arteries): circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called external elastic lamina. The tunica media may (especially in arteries) be rich in vascular smooth muscle, which controls the caliber of the vessel. • Tunica adventitia: (the thickest layer in veins) entirely made of connective tissue. It also contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vacuum) in the larger blood vessels. Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue. When blood vessels connect to form a region of diffuse vascular supply it is called an anastomosis (pl. anastomoses). Anastomoses provide critical alternative routes for blood to flow in case of blockages. There is a layer of muscle surrounding the arteries and the veins which help contract and expand the vessels. This creates enough pressure for blood to be pumped around the body. Blood vessels are part of the circulatory system, together with the heart and the blood. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Vol. 14, No. 10, October 2016 663 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500