Review on Current Status of Vaccines against Parasitic Diseases of Animals Bedaso Kebede 1* , Teshale Sori 2 and Bersissa Kumssa 2 1 Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2 College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia * Corresponding author: Bedaso Kebede, Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel: 0913136824; E-mail: Kebede.bedaso@yahoo.com Rec date: Feb 15, 2016; Acc date: Apr 04, 2016; Pub date: Apr 06, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Kebede B, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Parasitic diseases are one of the most common problems that confront the health and productivity of animals worldwide. Parasites are responsible for organ condemnation, zoonoses and huge economic losses in animal production. Various control methods have been implemented to minimize or curb losses caused by parasitic diseases. Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are the most widely used control approaches all over the world. However, development of drug resistance, high price of the drugs, unavailability and growing concern about drug residues hinder the success of this approach. Vaccination is regarded as one of the best alternative method for the control of parasites in the future. In an attempt of to develop commercial vaccines against economically important parasites researchers have so far focused on identifying target antigens. Some of these include ticks salivary gland antigens, secretory and excretory antigens of helminthes and hidden antigens of Heamonchus contortus. As a result of this effort several candidate antigens have been identified, vaccines prepared from them and tested for their suitability and efficacy. However, most of these vaccines have not been widely utilized. Information about the regulations and standard operating procedures that apply to licensing of production and marketing of parasite vaccines is scanty. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review the current status of vaccines against parasitic diseases of animals. Keywords: Parasites; Vaccines; Control Abbreviations IgM: Immunoglobulin M; IgG: Immunoglobulin G; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; IgE: Immunoglobulin E; IgD: Immunoglobulin D Introduction Parasitic diseases are global problems and considered as a major obstacles in curtailing health and lowering productivity of animals. Both endoparasites that live inside the body and ectoparasitesthat live on the body like ticks, mites, lice, leas and lies attack the body surface which is responsible for huge economic losses in animal production. Ater several times of exposure to nematode infection cattle and sheep gradually become resistant to reinfection especially when they become adult animals. his fact provides the basis for believe and search of vaccines against parasitic diseases. However, the development of immunity against parasites depends on numerous factors including breed, genetic makeup of individuals, age and several characteristics of co-infecting nematode species. In addition, management factors such as provision of clean pasture and adequate nutrition can greatly inluences attempts to control infection. his brief list could be extended and all of these factors need to be considered when devising vaccination strategies. Vaccine development against parasites faces several fundamental challenges like the isolation of native antigens from none blood feeders which elicit protective immunity if delivered to the immune system in an appropriate manner [1,2]. Helminth parasites have had a signiicant impact on animal health and/or productivity from the time that animals were irst domesticated and then either farmed intensively or kept as companions by humans. Parasites of domestic animals have been controlled using several antiparasitic drugs worldwide. But the use of these antiparasites will not continue in the foreseeable future. his is due to insurgence of resistance against the drugs by the parasites of animals, high cost of drugs, less availability and food safety issues concerning drug residues. hese limitations of antiparasitic drugs as seen in many regions of the world provide a window of opportunity for the development and use of alternative control strategies. Recent research indings have shown that it is possible to stimulate protective immunity in animal hosts against parasites by vaccination [3]. Vaccines with the ability to interrupt the life cycle of certain Helminth parasites have been used for efective control of helminthosis in herd or lock of animals [4]. Similarly, efective vaccines have also been developed and their eiciency has been tested against other parasitic diseases. Vaccination could be applied either to protect the most susceptible animals in a lock/ herd or to minimize the buildup of larvae on pasture and so reduce the rate of infection in susceptible animals. However, vaccines have not been widely used at ield level to control the widely distributed parasitic infections globally. Even though several vaccines have been developed and their eicacy published, they have not been commercialized due to a number of technical factors [5]. he advancement of molecular techniques is also considered as a favorable condition for development of new vaccines in the near future. Reliable and up to date scientiic information is crucial for understanding and application of vaccines against parasitic diseases. herefore, the objective of this article is to review the current status of vaccines against parasitic diseases of animals. Veterinary Science & Technology Kebede, et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000327 Review Article Open Access J Veterinar Sci Techno ISSN:2157-7579 JVST, an open access journal Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 1000327