Chapter 2 Review of related literature and studies The purpose of the review of related literature and studies is to give several ideas on hoq the researchers formulate the proposed study Local literature and studies Policing is an inseparable part of human social life. It is a formidable public instuon (Newburn 2003, p. 1) and the coercive nature of police power as well as the rather large scope of police discreon give the police and policing a degree of power over society that few, if any, other social or public instuons could equal (Sele 1990, p. 10). It is unfortunate, however, that police powers could be misused or abused. What makes this a cause for concern, as well as a valid subject for research, is that police powers are usually exercised without close supervision (Kleinig 2005, p. 597). Thus, if police powers were misused or abused, or if police were to act corruptly, it is also usually done without close supervision. Hence, there is a need to work out a mechanism through which police ethics and beer governance of policing could be made possible. This is not to say that police ethics has never been made part of police instuonal pracce or police professional development. Indeed, according to the Internaonal Associaon of Chiefs of Police (1997) there has been an increasing internaonal trend towards including ethics in the training of police officers. It is crically important enough for the Council of Europe to publish in September 2001 a standard European Code of Police Ethics (Neyroud 2003, p. 578). However, these measures and efforts have largely been at the instance of police agencies or their immediate polical superiors. Much of the training, enforcement and management of ethics, which are arguably a significant part of the governance of policing, are usually carried out by the police for themselves. For example, much of police ethics training is usually carried out in police academies by people who are either part of the police or are aached to the police