Islamic Studies 51:4 (2012) pp. 367–402 367 Ċar┘qah Muċammadiyyah as Ċar┘qah J┐mi‘ah: Khaw┐jah M┘r Dard’s Experience Beyond Jam┐l and Jal┐l * SORAYA KHODAMORADI Abstract In the context of the recent debates over the reformism which occurred in Sufism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this article seeks to articulate a reformist system of the Muhammadan Way (Ċar┘qah Muċammadiyyah) which was formulated by Khaw┐jah M┘r Dard of Delhi (d. 1785) in the frame of a Comprehensive Way (Ċar┘qah J┐mi‘ah). This way aims to transcend the two types of ecstatic-unitive and orthodox-oriented Sufism known in the Islamic tradition respectively as the mysticism of “intoxication” (sukr) and that of “sobriety” (ďaċw), offers a solution to resolve the rift between these two types, and goes beyond major Sufi binary concepts such as jam┐l–jal┐l (“beauty”–“majesty”) and waċdat al-wuj┴d–waċdat al-shuh┴d (“unity of being”–“unity of witnessing”). In particular, the article analyses a major cornerstone of M┘r Dard’s Comprehensive Way, namely the theory of “Divine Muhammadan Knowledge,” which comprehends all elements of reason, tradition and intuition, similar to the synthetic attempts of the Iranian philosopher Mull┐ Đadr┐ (d. 1640) in his Transcendental Theosophy, and paves the way for his path of intra-religious synthesis. ι%π The Muhammadan Way or the Ċar┘qah Muċammadiyyah is a particular Shar┘‘ah-based trend inside Islamic mysticism (Sufism), which primarily concentrates on the Prophet Muċammad and his tradition (Sunnah), as well as his incorporeal presence and guidance, and the achievement of union with his ontological reality as the goal of mystical perfection. This trend has * This paper is based on Soraya Khodamoradi, “Sufi Reform in Eighteenth Century India: Case Study of Khwajah Mir Dard of Delhi (1721–1785)” (PhD diss., University of Erfurt, 2014). The author ows special gratitude to Jamal Malik and Stephan Reichmuch for their beneficial supervision as well as the Interdisziplinär Forum Religion at the University of Erfurt for its financial support.