Computational Economics 15: 145–172, 2000.
© 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
145
Computing Equilibria in Stochastic Finance
Economies
FELIX KUBLER
Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.
KARL SCHMEDDERS
Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Mailing address: Department of EES/OR, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4023, U.S.A.,
E-mail: karl@or.stanford.edu
Abstract. We describe a homotopy algorithm for the computation of equilibria in Stochastic Fi-
nance Economies. The algorithm solves a nonlinear system of equations consisting of the first-order
conditions of the agents’ utility maximization problems and market-clearing conditions. Moreover,
we discuss the use of a straightforward homotopy approach for local comparative statics. Using our
methods we evaluate price, volatility, and welfare effects of options in incomplete asset markets.
Key words: incomplete markets, homotopy algorithm, index theorem, stochastic finance economy
1. Introduction
Dynamic general equilibrium models with possibly incomplete markets play an
important role in both modern macroeconomics and finance. While there is a
considerable literature on computing equilibria for static models (see Shoven and
Whalley, 1992, for an overview), little is known on computing equilibria for dy-
namic models with incomplete markets and heterogeneous agents. Most of the
applied literature unrealistically assumes the existence of a representative agent.
We feel this assumption removes many interesting aspects of the general model.
Since the equilibrium allocation is not Pareto-efficient with incomplete markets, the
representative agent is fictional and it becomes impossible to interpret the results of
models employing such an agent in a general equilibrium framework (see Kirman,
1992, for a more general criticism of representative agent analysis).
However, computing equilibria for multi-period general equilibrium models
with incomplete markets and heterogeneous agents is a difficult task. The first prob-
lem arises because the model is often formulated as an infinite horizon economy
(see Lucas, 1978; or Hernandez and Santos, 1996, for a version of the Lucas asset
pricing model with several agents). While this formulation actually simplifies the
analysis in a representative agent framework, it introduces many technical difficul-
ties for models with several agents. Duffie et al. (1994) shows that the state space