Перɜые шаɝи © 2001 ɝ. А.ɇ. ɉɈɆАɁАɇ, A.B. ɋȿȾɍɇɈВА, E.H. əȾɈВА ɋɈɐɂАɅɖɇɕɃ ɊȿɋɍɊɋ ɅɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ɂȾȿɇɌɂɎɂɄАɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɈɊɂȿɇɌАɐɂɂ ɊɈɋɋɂəɇ (Ɉɩɵɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ 1992 ɝ.) ɉɈɆȺЗȺɇ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ, ɋȿȾɍɇɈȼȺ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɹ ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜɧɚ - ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɵ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ. əȾɈȼȺ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ - ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɤɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ. ɂ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ: ɫɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɭɸ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱ- ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ [1, ɝɥ. VII; 2; 3; 4; 5] ɭɛɟɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱ- ɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ Ɇɵ?), ɤɚɤ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ (Ʉɬɨ ə?) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɚ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ - ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ- ɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɇɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ - ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ, ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ "ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ" ɦɵ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧ- ɰɢɹ, ɢɥɢ "ɫɲɢɛɤɚ" ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱ- ɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ. ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ - ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧ , ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1992 ɝ. ɉ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɡɵɪɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɘ.ɇ. Ʉɨɡɵɪɟɜɵɦ [3]. Ɋɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ: (1) "ȼ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ȼɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟ ɫɟɛɹ?" ɢ (2) "ɑɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ȼɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ. Ʉɬɨ ȼɵ?". ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ȿ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ, ȼ. əɞɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ [5] ɜ ɦɨ- ɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɦɚɣ-ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1992 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ "ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɞɨɪɟɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɫɬɢ": ɥɸɞɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɟɡɤɨ ɩɚɞɚɥ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɏɨɧɞɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ 1992 ɝ. 69% ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɥɢ ɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ ɋɋɋɊ (ɜ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɚ 10%'). * Ɉɩɪɨɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ "ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ". N = 2145 ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 16 ɥɟɬ. 1 ɎɈɆ-ɂɇɎɈ. 2001. № 09 (358). 122