METABOLIC MARKERS IN SPORTS MEDICINE Giuseppe Banfi,* ,†,1 Alessandra Colombini,* Giovanni Lombardi,* and Anna Lubkowska ‡,§ *IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy † School of Medicine, University of Milano, Milano, Italy ‡ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Szczecin University, Szczecin, Poland § Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland 1. Abstract ........................................................................ 2 2. Introduction.................................................................... 3 3. Liver Metabolism Parameters .................................................. 3 3.1. Aminotransferases ........................................................ 3 3.2. Bilirubin.................................................................. 5 4. Muscle Metabolism Parameters ................................................ 7 4.1. Creatine Kinase .......................................................... 7 4.2. Lactate Dehydrogenase and Other Markers ............................... 10 4.3. Myocardial Markers ...................................................... 11 5. Kidney Parameters ............................................................. 20 5.1. Creatinine ................................................................ 20 5.2. Urea ..................................................................... 24 5.3. Cystatin C ................................................................ 24 6. Uric Acid ...................................................................... 25 7. Glucose ........................................................................ 27 8. Lipid Profile .................................................................... 29 9. Bone Metabolism Markers ..................................................... 36 10. Effect of Body-Mass Index on Laboratory Parameters.......................... 40 References...................................................................... 45 1 Corresponding author: Giuseppe Banfi, e-mail: giuseppe.banfi1@unimi.it 1 0065-2423/12 $35.00 Copyright 2012, Elsevier Inc. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394317-0.00015-7 All rights reserved. ADVANCES IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 56