1 To appear in Brown, K. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2 nd edition COGNITIVE BASIS FOR LANGUAGE EVOLUTION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES Ruth Tincoff and Marc D. Hauser Harvard University For correspondence: Ruth Tincoff tincoff@wjh.harvard.edu 617-496-9331 Marc Hauser mdhauser@wjh.harvard.edu 617-496-7077 Department of Psychology Harvard University 33 Kirkland Street, 9 th Floor Cambridge, MA 02138