Predominance of Cronobacter sakazakii Sequence Type 4 in Neonatal Infections Susan Joseph and Stephen J. Forsythe A 7-loci (3,036 nt) multilocus sequence typing scheme was applied to 41 clinical isolates of Cronobacter sakazakii. Half (20/41) of the C. sakazakii strains were sequence type (ST) 4, and 9/12 meningitis isolates were ST4. C. sakazakii ST4 appears to be a highly stable clone with a high propensity for neonatal meningitis. C ronobacter is a genus within the family Entero- bacteriaceae and was previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii. It is closely related to the genera Enterobacter and Citrobacter. Cronobacter spp. have been frequently isolated from the environment, plant material (wheat, rice, herbs, and spices), and various food products, including powdered infant formula (PIF). They have come to prominence because of their association with severe neonatal infections, which can be fatal (1–3). Our current knowledge of the virulence and epidemiology of this organism is limited. However, because neonates are frequently fed reconstituted PIF, this product has been the focus of attention for reducing infection risk to neonates because the number of exposure routes is limited (1,2). Infections with Cronobacter spp. occur across all age groups, and most infections, albeit less severe, are in the adult population. However, neonates, particularly those of low birthweight, are the major identified group at risk, because the organism can cause meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and sepsis in patients in neonatal intensive care units and has high mortality rate (1–3). Bowen and Braden (4) reviewed 46 cases of invasive (non-NEC) infant Cronobacter infections to define risk factors and provide guidance for prevention and treatment. Although these infections have been associated with intrinsically and extrinsically contaminated PIF, other environmental sources are possible and several non–infant formula–associated cases have been reported (5). Cronobacter spp. have been shown to invade human intestinal cells, replicate in macrophages, and invade the blood–brain barrier (6). Kucerova et al. (7,8) used comparative genomic hybridization-based analysis to describe a range of virulence traits in Cronobacter spp., including iron acquisition mechanisms, fimbriae, and macrophage survival. Recently, Baldwin et al. (9) constructed a com- prehensive multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Cronobacter spp. based on 7 housekeeping genes (atpD, fusA, glnS, gltB, gyrB, infB, ppsA; 3,036 nt concatenated length). The MLST scheme currently has 66 defined sequence types covering all Cronobacter spp. (www. pubMLST.org/cronobacter). However, the scheme has not been applied for any epidemiologic purposes. Therefore, we investigated whether severity of infection by Cronobacter spp. is associated with particular genotype(s) by compiling patient details, isolation site, and clinical signs for clinical C. sakazakii isolates and comparing these with the sequence type (ST) profile of the isolates. The Study Forty-one clinical C. sakazakii strains were included in the study. These strains were from 7 countries and had been isolated during 1953–2008. The strains included those of recent (1–3,10–12) and those of more historic interest (>25 years; 13–15). Strains used in this study, along with patient details and clinical signs, are shown in Table 1. Details of clinical signs were collated from information in the associated publication, or supplied by the strain provider (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA). Primers and conditions for amplification and sequencing of the 7 MLST genes atpD (390 bp), fusA (438 bp), glnS (363 bp), gltB (507 bp), gyrB (402 bp), infB (441 bp) and ppsA (495 bp) were as described (9). All sequences are available for download and independent analysis through open access at www.pubMLST.org/cronobacter. Comparative analysis with the online Cronobacter MLST database (covering isolates from all sources) showed that the clinical isolates were in 10 of 30 STs defined for C. sakazakii spp. However, the clinical strains were not evenly distributed across the STs. Of particular interest was that half (20/41) of the strains were ST4 (Table 2). The remaining strains were ST8 (7), ST1 (4), ST12 (3), ST3 (2), ST13, ST15, ST18, ST31, and ST41 (1 each). Of the 20 ST4 strains, 10 were from neonates, 7 from infants, and 1 from a child; 2 had no patient details. Similarly, most (9/12) isolates from meningitis cases were ST4 strains; 7 were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and the others from blood and the trachea. The remaining ST4 strains were from bacteremia cases (1), NEC (2), and undefined infection (1), with 6 from unknown sources. ST4 was the main ST associated with neonates (10/18); this ST has been reported by Baldwin et al. (9) for the high incidence of PIF isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 17, No. 9, September 2011 1713 Author affiliation: Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1709.110260