Articulatory Phonetics & English Phonology Lagos & Bittner 2006 ENGLISH PHONEMIC AND ALLOPHONIC HANDBOOK (revised to 2017) Phoneme Place Manner Voicing Allophones + Position of Occurrence Examples Phonemic Transcription Phonetic Transcription  Bilabial Stop (plosive) Voiced  Initial / medial   Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant  Final released (when emphatic) ´back´ ´absent´ ‘Where’s the club?’                      Devoiced    Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘Bob took it’           *Note: ‘b’ is silent as in ‘climb’, ‘comb’, ‘debt’, ‘dumb’, &c.  Alveolar Stop (plosive) Voiced  Initial ‘Dame’        Medial (same as above in RP) ‘lady’       Tap/Flap Voiced  Intervocalic (in SAE) ‘lady’       Stop (plosive) Voiced  Final released (when emphatic) ‘Dad!’         Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant ‘pad Thai’        Devoiced    Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘Call the guard!’          Dental Stop Voiced    Before dental consonants ‘add theirs’         Velar Stop (plosive) Voiced  Initial / medial ‘goal’        Final released (when emphatic) ‘Such a pig!’             Unreleased in syllable-final position before a consonant ‘fig’         Devoiced  Before a voiceless consonant or silence ‘Pick the bag’          Fricative Voiced  Initial (Old English) / Intervocalic (Iberian Spanish) ‘ghost’ ‘lago’       Approximant Voiced   Intervocalic (Latin American Spanish) ‘lago’     Palatal Stop (plosive) Voiced  Advanced before front closed vowels ʲ  ‘give’ ‘get’                      Retracted before back open vowels ‘Greek gods’       