Oxidative stress and antioxidant responses of liver and kidney tissue after implantation of titanium or titanium oxide coated plate in rat tibiae Nahla S. El-Shenawy • Q. Mohsen • Sahar A. Fadl-allah Received: 3 February 2012 / Accepted: 10 April 2012 / Published online: 17 May 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract Coating with titanium oxides is a promising method to improve the blood compatibility of materials to be used for medical implants. However, biodegradation of the coating can result in microparticles that subsequently cause oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study was carried out to throw some light on the mechanisms affecting the reaction of tissue surroundings Ti implants either in the form of titanium oxide or not in tibiae of rats. The serum collected twice from animals during the period of study and rats were sacrificed after two months of implantation. The complete blood picture, total proteins content and the activities of some serum enzymes were determined as liver biomarker. Kidney function was examined by measuring the levels of serum creatinine and uric acid. The level of lipid peroxidation and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-trans- ferase as well as glutathione content in liver and kidney tissue were evaluated. It has been indicated that the lipid peroxidation is one of the molecular mechanisms involved in Ti-plate induced cytotoxicity however; the TiO 2 -plate did not. The biodegradation of Ti-plate was very slow that could explain why the all enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant not affected by implantation of Ti-plate. The total antioxidant level in serum was better in rats had TiO 2 / Ti-plate than those animals that had Ti-plate. The coating of titanium implants with titanium oxide leads to attaining of reduced the oxidative state in the cells, which enhance the healing process in comparison with the uncoated implants. 1 Introduction During the last decades, a variety of materials have been used for the fabrication of orthopedic and dental implants. Of these materials, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been proven to be most suitable and consequently are the materials of choice for manufacturing load-bearing implants [1–3]. The remarkable success of endosteal Ti implants in dental, cra- nial-maxillary facial reconstruction, and orthopaedic appli- cations can be attributed to the capability of pure Ti implants to become permanently integrated with living bone, a phe- nomenon defined as osseointegration [4] which is a unique phenomenon where your body’s natural bone and tissue actually bond to the artificial implant. Indeed, the osseoin- tegration process is influenced by a wide range of factors: anatomical location, implant size and design, surgical pro- cedure, loading effects, biological fluids, age and sex, and, in particular, surface characteristics. For this reason, several attempts have been aimed at modifying implant surface composition and morphology to optimize implant-to-bone contact and improve integration [5]. The favorable charac- teristics that make Ti desirable for implantation are (i) its mechanical properties, (ii) corrosion resistance and (iii) its biocompatibility. The latter has been demonstrated by in N. S. El-Shenawy Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia N. S. El-Shenawy (&) Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt e-mail: elshenawy_nahla@hotmail.com Q. Mohsen Á S. A. Fadl-allah Materials and Corrosion Lab (MCL), Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia S. A. Fadl-allah Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 123 J Mater Sci: Mater Med (2012) 23:1763–1774 DOI 10.1007/s10856-012-4648-9