Rubrics for designing and evaluating online asynchronous
discussions
Lana Penny and Elizabeth Murphy
Lana Penny is a Graduate Student at the Faculty of Education in Memorial University. Address for
correspondence: Lana Penny, Faculty of Education, Memorial University, St. John’s, NF, Canada A1B
3X8. Tel: 902-737-1203; C/O Elizabeth Murphy, email: lanapenny@gmail.com; http://www.
seascape.ns.ca/~lanapenny. Elizabeth Murphy is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Education in
Memorial University. Address for correspondence: Elizabeth Murphy, Faculty of Education, Memorial
University, St. John’s, NF, Canada A1B 3X8. Tel: (709) 737-7634; Fax: (709) 737-2345; email:
emurphy@mun.ca; http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emurphy
Abstract
The purpose of the study reported on in this paper was to identify performance
criteria and ratings in rubrics designed for the evaluation of learning in online
asynchronous discussions (OADs) in post-secondary contexts. We analysed
rubrics collected from Internet sources. Using purposive sampling, we reached
saturation with the selection of 50 rubrics. Using keyword analysis and sub-
sequent grouping of keywords into categories, we identified 153 performance
criteria in 19 categories and 831 ratings in 40 categories. We subsequently
identified four core categories as follows: cognitive (44.0%), mechanical
(19.0%), procedural/managerial (18.29%) and interactive (17.17%). Another
1.52% of ratings and performance criteria were labelled vague and not
assigned to any core category.
Introduction
Online asynchronous discussions (OADs) are a form of computer-mediated communi-
cation (CMC) increasingly used in post-secondary distance learning (Campus Com-
puting International, 2000, p. 5). Asynchronous conferencing is ‘the second most
commonly used capability for online education’, after email (Kearsley, 2000, p. 30), and
has been referred to as ‘a powerful tool for group communication and cooperative
learning that promotes a level of reflective interaction often lacking in a face-to-face,
teacher-centred classroom’ (Rovai & Jordan, 2004, p. 2). Some research has uncovered
evidence that participation in OADs can promote shared knowledge bases (Sherry,
2000), higher levels of thinking (Kanuka, 2005), reflective thinking, and collaboration
(Markel, 2001), problem solving (Cho & Jonassen, 2002), knowledge construction
(Gunawardena, Lowe & Anderson, 1997), critical thinking and cognitive presence
(Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2003).
British Journal of Educational Technology Vol 40 No 5 2009 804–820
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00895.x
© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 British Educational Communications and Technology Agency. Published by
Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.