A Review on Plug-in Electric Vehicles Charging: Standards and Impact on Distribution System Pranav Maheshwari, Yash Tambawala, H S V S Kumar Nunna, Suryanaraya Doolla # Department of Energy Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai, India Email: suryad@iitb.ac.in # Abstract— Electric vehicle penetration into the electrical networks is on upward trend across many markets. EVs are also likely to bring with them associated infrastructure for charging into the electrical distribution systems. This is likely to impact the electric distribution circuit and may even cause overloading of the vital equipment. With the advent of the smart grid, mechanisms like advanced demand response are posed to act as a counter-measure to this likely impact of electric vehicles. This paper articulates the state of the art technology linked with electric vehicles, the charging infrastructure and their impact on the performance of the grid. The impact of electric vehicles on the electrical distribution network is analyzed from both aggregated and scattered perspective. Demand response as a tool to enhance the grid capability from the perspective of electric vehicle penetration is also discussed. I. Introduction As the world looks towards shifting from fossil fuels to a more sustainable mode of energy, electric vehicle is getting more focus. Electric Vehicles (EVs) will also act as an important ancillary service that will be used as a solution to grid management and play a vital role in Demand Side Management (DSM). While connected to the grid, EVs can be classified into two modes based on the direction of the power flow: Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G). In G2V mode, Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can be charged at different levels and can be considered as controllable loads. In V2G mode, vehicles can be used for ancillary services like spinning and non-spinning reserves, congestion management and peak shaving [1]. The transition to the smart grid is likely to enable the adoption of EVs by the setting up of the required charging and communication infrastructure. One of the most essential resources of smart grid called demand response will prove vital in countering the impact of EVs on the electric distribution systems. EVs can be integrated into utility grids along with smart buildings by using energy management systems (EMS) that enable the combined operation of EVs and smart appliances through demand response (DR). In this paper, our objective is to review and analyse the current state of the electric vehicles from the perspective of the electric power systems. We have attempted to review the charging schemes and standards for EVs. The impact of EVs on the grid is analysed both in terms of their aggregated and scattered impact on the distribution network. Various means to counter the impact of EVs on the grid have been reviewed with a focus on demand response as an emerging area of importance. II. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) comprises of connectors, conductors, plugs and fittings, power electronic devices and power outlets. It is a set up specifically for the purpose of transferring energy from the grid to EV [2]. Fig. 1gives a layout of EVSE indicating different components and various standards involved. Fig. 1. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) layout