Processing of different types of social threat in shyness: Preliminary findings of distinct functional neural connectivity Alva Tang 1 , Elliott A. Beaton 2 , Erica Tatham 3 , Jay Schulkin 4 , Geoffrey B. Hall 1,3 , and Louis A. Schmidt 1,3 1 Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 2 Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA 3 McMaster Integrative Neuroscience, Discovery, & Study (MiNDS), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada 4 Department of Neuroscience and Center for the Brain Basis of Cognition & School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA Current theory suggests that the processing of different types of threat is supported by distinct neural networks. Here we tested whether there are distinct neural correlates associated with different types of threat processing in shyness. Using fMRI and multivariate techniques, we compared neural responses and functional connectivity during the processing of imminent (i.e., congruent angry/angry face pairs) and ambiguous (i.e., incongruent angry/ neutral face pairs) social threat in young adults selected for high and low shyness. To both types of threat processing, non-shy adults recruited a right medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) network encompassing nodes of the default mode network involved in automatic emotion regulation, whereas shy adults recruited a right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) network encompassing nodes of the frontoparietal network that instantiate active attentional and cognitive control. Furthermore, in shy adults, the mPFC interacted with the dACC network for ambiguous threat, but with a distinct network encompassing nodes of the salience network for imminent threat. These preliminary results expand our understanding of right mPFC function associated with temperamental shyness. They also provide initial evidence for differential neural networks associated with shy and non-shy profiles in the context of different types of social threat processing. Keywords: Shyness; fMRI; Functional connectivity; Temperament; Threat processing; Partial least squares. Efficient and accurate detection of threat signals and prediction of future events are critical for survival (Grupe & Nitschke, 2013). In nature, there are differ- ent types of threat that signal danger to the physical and psychological well-being that may be processed unconsciously or consciously. Threat is a multispec- trum phenomenon observed in both physical and social contexts: the sight of a predator and harm to safety are examples of the former, whereas disapproval elicited by facial expressions of anger and contempt Correspondence should be addressed to: Alva Tang, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. E-mail: tanga6@mcmaster.ca This research was supported by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship awarded to Alva Tang, a Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Centre (FSORC) Post-doctoral Fellowship awarded to Elliott Beaton. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Operating grants awarded to Louis Schmidt from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) under [grant number 203710-11] and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) under [grant number 410-08-1595]. SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE, 2016 Vol. 11, No. 1, 15–37, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1030036 © 2015 Taylor & Francis