International Journal of Bioassays ISSN: 2278-778X CODEN: IJBNHY Original Research Article OPEN ACCESS *Corresponding Author: Dr. Sudhakar Pola, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. 3598 DNA FINGERPRINTING OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM CRIME SCENE USING AMELOGENIN GENE AMPLIFICATION BY PCR, VNTR AND RFLP ANALYSIS Ahmad Fazilat and Sudhakara Rao Pola* Department of Biotechnology, Andhra University, PO box 530003, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Received for publication: September 17, 2014; Revised: September 21, 2014; Accepted: October 07, 2014 INTRODUCTION DNA Forensics is a branch of forensic science that concentrates on the employment of genetic component in crime investigation. Besides the helping with human crimes like rape and murder, DNA Forensics could be used to track food borne epidemics, determine endangered species in shipments of black- market material, and to trace the history of humans over the world, among other things. DNA is the Nucleic Acid molecule that contains genetic information. All organisms carry various amounts of DNA which introduces many characters of organisms like hair and eye colors, and so on. Laboratory techniques could be used to recognize and isolate DNA and then to sequence it. DNA Sequencing includes figuring out the order of the four nucleotides in a strand of DNA (Chambers et al. 2014). DNA Fingerprinting is a method to identify an individual, rather than determining a species or some particular traits. It is also known as DNA profiling. As a technology which has been around since 1985, when it was announced by its inventor, Sir Alec Jeffrey’s (1985). DNA Fingerprinting is recently used for both paternity/maternity and for identifying criminals or victims. DNA fingerprinting employs a specific type of DNA sequence, called a micro satellite, to make identification pretty easier. Micro satellites are short segments of DNA which repeat over and over in an exceedingly given person’s DNA. In a given area Micro satellites tend to be extremely variable, providing them ideal for DNA finger printing. By comparing a variety of microsatellites in a given area, identification of a person would be relatively simple (Abdul et al., 2014). The sections of DNA employed in DNA fingerprinting, though are highly variable, no child has pairs that their parents do not have. This means that by comparing large number of these sections, paternity, maternity, or even both could be found out. DNA fingerprinting has a very high successful and a low false rate, making it an extremely popular way of verifying paternity and maternity (Yuki et al., 2014 and Meyer et al., 2013). In Forensics, DNA Fingerprinting is extremely important because it doesn’t require typical fingerprints, which may not be left behind, could also be obscured. Because all of the DNA components are contained in every cell, any piece of a person’s body, from strand of hair to a skin follicle to a blood drop, can be utilized to identify them using DNA fingerprinting (Ramilo et al., 2002). It is useful in terms of investigating a criminal, because just a drop of blood or a flake of skin left at the crime scene may be enough to determine guilt or innocence, and it is virtually impossible to remove all physical trace of one’s presence. According to LOCARD’S exchange principle, every time when someone enters an environment, something is added to and removed from the scene. Every contact between individuals and physical environment leaves a trace. In spite of many problems, such as the probability of detecting the precise criminal or parentage becomes obscured once dealing with direct descendents, who might share a large portion of the examined places of DNA with a parent. DNA Abstract: DNA is the material within every cell of the body and represents the blueprint of life. Although the majority of the human genome (the complete set of genes for an individual) is the same across all ethnic populations, people differ in their genetic makeup by a minuscule amount, and thus have their own unique DNA pattern. In forensic science, DNA profiling is used to identify those who have committed a crime and used to find suspects involved in crimes of unsolved cases. Here in our study we have done Amelogenin gene amplification by PCR to gender identity in DNA typing. The polymerase chain reaction, a technique that can amplify large amounts of specific small sequences of DNA from the human genome. Additionally, in VNTR analysis, genomic DNA is digested with restriction enzymes and then run on a gel. The fragments produced are transferred to a membrane and probed with a radiolabeled sequence of DNA that matches the VNTR sequence. The migration of the VNTR fragment on the gel determines their size and generates a pattern. The radiolabeled probe produces dark bands on x-ray film. This analysis has been done for different biological samples like buccal cells, blood, nail, hair and was compared using PCR, RFLP and VNTR. Key Words: Amelogenin gene, PCR: polymerise chain reaction, VNTR: Variable Number Tandem Repeats, RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.