1. Introduction
Contemporary criminality of juveniles is a very
complex phenomenon not only with respect to dynam-
ics and structure, but above all with respect to factors
predisposing to criminal behaviours (compare Reck-
less [17], Kowalczyk-Jamnicka [6], Heidensohn [7]).
A starting point for studies concerning criminality is
often the idea that a key aim of social sciences is to
study patterns manifested in social life and to attempt
to present an explanation for these patterns [27]. This
type of research task is realised through determination
of, first, correlates of social behaviours in relation to
theories explaining criminal behaviours, and, second,
the so-called causal mechanism of these actions [27].
For this reason, creation of an aetiological picture of
juvenile criminality requires increasingly penetrating
and wider analyses of factors relating to the person
committing the unlawful act and situational factors re-
lating to the life situation of the individual, as well as
the situation in which the given crime was committed.
Research should be orientated towards explanation of
development of criminal behaviours and analysing of
risk factors appearing from the earliest years of life un-
til adulthood [1]. Analysis of empirical studies on de-
terminants of criminal behaviours indicates that the
role of cognitive schemes in the aetiology of these be-
haviours has only been studied to a very limited extent.
The works of Samenow and Yochelson were precur-
sors of studies in the field of cognitive schemes which
determine criminal behaviours. According to their as-
sumptions, sources of criminality should be sought
in the style of thinking of an individual and his/her
method of decision-making. Another researcher into
schemes of thinking is Glenn D. Walters, who in his
innovative monograph “The criminal lifestyle. Pat-
Problems of Forensic Sciences 2010, vol. LXXXIV, 356–379
CRIMINAL THINKING STYLES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
Magdalena RODE, Danuta RODE
Department of Clinical and Forensic Psychology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Abstract
The paper presents preliminary results of research devoted to criminal thinking styles of juveniles. The sample group consisted of
juveniles referred to the Diagnostic-Consulting Family Centre by the court in order to determine the degree of demoralization.
The aim of the research was to characterise profiles of criminal thinking styles with the use of the Polish version of the PICTS tool
by Glenn D. Walters. Cluster and factor analysis were performed on the basis of which the reliability and validity of PICTS were
estimated. These indicators turned out to have high values. Results of factor analysis revealed the occurrence of two so-called
metafactors of criminal thinking styles. The first factor (metafactor) encompassed the following styles: sentimentality, cutoff, en-
titlement, power orientation. Due to this content, this factor was defined as defensive-aggressive thinking. The second factor
(metafactor) encompassed the following styles: discontinuity, cognitive indolence, power orientation, mollification. The second
factor was defined as passive-dependent thinking. The achieved research results correspond with Egan’s and Bulten’s research
findings.
Key words
Criminal thinking styles; Juveniles; Criminality.
Received 5 February 2010; accepted 11 August 2010
© by the Institute
of Forensic Research
ISSN 1230-7483