A task submitted in partial fulfillment for course assessments Medical Imaging Modalities: Rontgen & Ultrasound Burhan Saleh Department of Computer Engineering Çukurova University Adana, Turkey burhansaleh.my@gmail.com Abstract — the medical imaging modalities are mentioned in this work - Rontgen (X-ray) and ultrasound. Rontgen as known as X- ray has significant modality in many fields especially in medical sector. It is because X-ray uses electromagnetic radiation to produce medical image as early investigation of patient organ. Moreover, ultrasound which is used frequency sound wave to present real time image for detail diagnosis is also mentioned in this work. Keywords – Medical Imaging, Biomedical, Medical Imaging Modalities, X-ray, Ultrasound, Rontgen. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, medical images are produced from several modalities which are depended on particular diagnostic of diseases. Physicians or doctors use to determine suitable modality for specific purposes according to patient conditions. Electromagnetic radiation like Rontgen (X-ray) is commonly used in pre investigating patient’s condition that require to display effected organ inside the body before the further step of surgery. Moreover, the investigation by using sound wave which is ultrasound also used to see patient’s tissue more detail of body organs. It is more effective and less harm to the patients. II. RONTGEN (X-RAY) Rontgen is legacy name unit measurement of electromagnetic radiation that was taken from Wilhem Roentgen in 1895. He is a German professor who was the early person discovered electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range commonly known as X-rays today. Roentgen had discovered in his experiment while his was trying to pass electron form coil through a partially evacuated glass tube that was covered in black paper. As result, the screen that covered in fluorescent material was brightened and he realized that the rays can penetrate through a several objects which are also included his own hand. It showed contras between opaque bones and the translucent flesh by replacing a photographic plate to capture an image. In this discovery, it can make the internal structures of the body could be made visible without the necessity of surgery [1]. A. What is x-ray? Roentgen radiation as known as x-ray radiations are a form of electromagnetic radiation like radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation and microwaves[2]. Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is a form of different wavelength and frequencies ranges that electromagnetic radiations are transmitted. As result, seven types of wavelengths and frequencies range are designed in EM spectrum that are measured by decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency which are radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X- rays and gamma-rays. Fig. 1 The electromagnetic spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays [2]. According to Fig.1, X-ray can be classified into two types that referred to their frequency and wavelength of EM spectrum which are Soft X-rays and Hard X-rays. They are in range of the EM spectrum between UV light and gamma rays. Soft X-rays have frequencies are about 3 × 10 16 to 10 18 Hz and about 10 nanometers (nm), or 4 × 10 −7 inches, to about 100 picometers (pm), or 4 × 10 −8 inches. Moreover, Hard X-ray have frequencies of about 10 18 Hz to higher than 10 20 Hz and wavelengths of about 100 pm (4 × 10 −9 inches) to about 1 pm (4 × 10 −11 inches) and it is same region as gamma rays. The only difference is X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons, while gamma-rays are produced by atomic nuclei[2]. The X-ray technologies have significant contribution in many areas of medicine sector mainly. However, it is also played a crucial role in other research areas as well such as mechanical theory, crystallography and cosmology.