ISSN 1054-6618, Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 2009, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 491–496. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009.
INTRODUCTION
Adequate image information representation is one
of the most challenging problems in modern blind ste-
ganography [1]. Due to concomitant restrictions only
a few of adaptive blind steganography methods ensure
the amount of hidden information (embedding capac-
ity) no more than 10–15% of the image volume.
Higher capacity implies the overlapping of embedded
bit-planes in the process of message data embedding
into image. In our opinion the accurate formalization
of successive embeddings of message bit-planes is
needed for efficient solution. In fact in blind steganog-
raphy task we face a novel problem of reversible signal
combining while no message no source image are a
priory known and no any data are accessible at the
receiving end, except for data extracted from the
image containing the message. Message hiding in itself
is minor problem which should be overcome as
needed.
To solve the mentioned problems and increase the
hidden information amount up to 30–50% of image
volume we have developed a model that describes the
image as a peculiar tool for coded information storage
and transmission. According to our model an image
possesses its own hardware-independent digital mem-
ory which is able to store the coded information inde-
pendently of prescribed image transformations (bias-
ing, stretching, packing according to intensity and
other) and keeps the imaging and processing marks,
distortions by transmission or is filled up with data
codes adjusted algorithm accordingly.
The cells of virtual memory are juxtaposed with
pixels in one-to-one relationship. But unlike the
memory cells of usual computer memory the virtual
memory cells contain no bits but trits [2–3]. Virtual
memory cells consist of equal number of trits like the
cells of computer memory. The storage elements of
virtual memory are classified into fixed (read-only)
trits, containing invariable values, and modifiable
(read-write) trits, containing bits of the message. The
methods of data embedding into virtual memory differ
from LSB-method due to modifiable trits occupies
mainly most significant trit-planes and fixed trits
assemble in the least significant ones. The total num-
ber of trits depends on image content and usually
exceeds the number of bits in source computer image
representation, say, twice. At that embedding capacity
estimated as the number of modifiable trits specifies
the total volume of hidden and perceptible message
data which does not exceed 70–90% of image volume.
The model construction basing on juxtaposition of
virtual memory cells to pixel values considered in
computed intensity ranges and also the steganographic
applications have been previously presented in [4–7].
In this paper we focus on algebraic properties of image
transformations.
INVARIANT IMAGE REPRESENTATION
According to our model a virtual memory consists
of definite number of trit-planes that depends on
image content. Virtual memory cells contain the pixel
values of certain image representation produced by
isomorphic image transformation where the transfor-
mation is considered as isomorphic relative to inten-
sity order if it does not change the result of the poste-
rior image intensity packing by means of numbering of
histogram intensities with sequential numbers and
substitution of source pixel intensities with that num-
bers.
Let Hu be an image representation in virtual mem-
ory produced by isomorphic transformation H of
Algebraic Description of Data Embedding Basing
on Idempotent Image Transformations
1
M. V. Kharinov
St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation Russian Academy of Sciences,
Chetyrnadtsataya liniya 39, St. Petersburg, 199178 Russia
e-mail: khar@iias.spb.su
Abstract—In this paper, we develop an algebraic description for previously proposed model of image con-
taining the invariant image representation and embedded data in its own digital hardware-independent mem-
ory (named virtual memory) independently of prescribed image transformations. The properties of idempo-
tent image transformations used for generation of invariant representation and also for data embedding are
established. The statements are illustrated with image processing examples.
DOI: 10.1134/S1054661809030158
MATHEMATICAL THEORY
OF PATTERN RECOGNITION
Received February 9, 2009
The article is published in the original.