Reply to S. Klein
STEPHEN DAVID SIEMENS
Department of Anthropology
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA 90024
Klein and I both regard analogy as having central importance to cultural
thought processes. Since analogy is such an important mechanism our
disagreements are imbued with intense conviction. We both find formal
characterizations to be important tools for clarifying the mechanism of
analogy.
There are two principal areas of disagreement between Klein and
myself that are relevant to my characterization of his work in 'Three
Formal Theories of Cultural Analogy' (Siemens 1991). I find that Klein
has not considered cultural analogies that contain disparate elements from
various cultural domains, Klein disagrees. I find Klein's "analogical trans-
formation operators" (ATOs) inappropriate for characterizing asymmetric,
hierarchical analogies, Klein disagrees. Since even astute and interested
readers have difficulty deciding our relative merits (Rodney Needham
1992, personal communication), we should be clear and specific.
Klein tells us that analogical transformation operators "apply across
multiple domains of a given culture, and that global classification schemes
provide mappings across domains." Yet, none of his examples utilizes
terms found in differing domains such as Right/Left Man/Woman. This
is because of the nature of his formalism (ATOs) which is defined by
similarity and difference of attributes of objects. An analogical operator
arises from comparing two comparable objects, which are necessarily in
the same domain to be compared.
What Klein refers to as a "global classification scheme" (1991: 68) is a
correspondence between terms in one domain and terms in another. The
relations of contrast within each domain are structured only through their
correspondence with a key domain ("reference-base") where A TO logic
applies through computation of the features of the terms of the key domain.
In the I Ching the key domain is the set of eight trigrams: analogies in
other domains arise from their corresponding trigrams. Each domain is
merely a set of alternate labels for the trigrams. Analogies in other domains
are relabelled trigram analogies. He has not shown a structure in each
domain that is analogically correlated to other structures (although the
commentaries he quotes are clearly doing this (Klein 1983: 160)).
To encompass terms from disparate domains in the same analogy each
Journal of Quantitative Anthropology 3: 365-368, 1992.
© 1992 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.