BBSSES YEAR[2012] Volume 3 Issue 3 ISSN 2321 – 9726(online) Bhartiya Bhasha, Shiksha, Sahitya evam Shodh Page 182 http:www. bhartiyashodh.com Intellectual disability: a review Karan Singh & Dr.Nand Kumar All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi-11029 Abstract: Intellectual disability, also referred to as mental retardation, is frequently the result of genetic mutation. Where intellectual disability is present together with additional clinical symptoms or physical anomalies, there is often sufficient information available for the diagnosing physician to identify a known syndrome, which may then educe the identification of the causative defect. Here we attempt to provide a systematic review ofvarious causes of cases of intellectual disability, psychological therapies and measures to control the disability. This article attempts to give an overview of intellectual disability and its various causes and treatments. Introduction A diagnosis of intellectual disability carries with it certain unique treatment needs that must be understood and addressed. Unfortunately, most psychiatrists are ill-equipped to handle this situation, having received little or no formal training in this area. This article is written with the specific goal of giving psychiatrists a better understanding of the special needs of patients with intellectual disability and strategies for improving their quality of life. Intellectual disability is a state of developmental deficit, beginning in childhood that results in significant limitation of intellect or cognition and poor adaptation to the demands of everyday life. As noted by Esquirol, intellectual disability is not a disease in and of itself, but is the developmental consequence of some pathogenic process. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) defines mental retardation as follows:  Significantly sub average intellectual functioning - An intelligence quotient (IQ) of approximately 70 or below  Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning in at least 2 of the following areas: communication, self-care, home living, social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety  Onset before age 18 years Although intellectual disability is classified as an axis II disorder in DSM-IV-TR, it is not considered a mental illness as such, with its own unique signs and symptoms. It is a system of identifying groups of people who need social support and special educational services to carry out tasks of everyday living.