1. Introduction
High performance structural composites are year by
year replacing metals in load-critical structures of
aircrafts and other industrial applications. This ten-
dency is clearly driven by the need for structural ma-
terials with superior mechanical properties, low spe-
cific weight and corrosion resistance. On the other
hand, during their service life, multi-layered com-
posites are prone to delaminations, as a result of out
of plane loads. The presence of delaminations dra-
matically decreases their residual compression prop-
erties and also affects other in-plane properties of the
composite. Additionally, polymer matrix composites
are sensitive to microcracking formation within the
polymer phase due to service-induced loading or
even during the manufacturing. Under fatigue load-
ing conditions that a real-world structure experiences
on its service life, the initially minor microcracks are
linked together to create significantly larger cracks.
Cracks and delaminations work together to result in
remarkable suppression of the load-bearing capacity
of the composite part, even with minimal visual in-
dication of damage being present.
The interlaminar fracture toughness is the key-char-
acteristic in initiation and propagation of delamina-
tions in fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites.
A constant concern of various researchers has been
the enhancement of the fracture behavior of high
performance structural composites, especially car-
bon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). In this direc-
914
Mode II fracture toughening and healing of composites
using supramolecular polymer interlayers
V. Kostopoulos
1*
, A. Kotrotsos
1
, A. Baltopoulos
1
, S. Tsantzalis
1
, P. Tsokanas
1
, T. Loutas
1
,
A. W. Bosman
2
1
Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504
Rio-Patras, Greece
2
SupraPolix BV, Horsten 1, 5612 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Received 18 May 2016; accepted in revised form 25 June 2016
Abstract. This study focuses on the transfer of the healing functionality of supramolecular polymers (SP) to fibre reinforced
composites through interleaving. SPs exhibiting self-healing based on hydrogen bonds were formed into films and were
successfully incorporated into carbon fibre composites. The effect of the SP interleaves on in-plane fracture toughness and
the subsequent healing capability of the hybrid composites were investigated under mode II fracture loading. The fracture
toughness showed considerable increase since the maximum load (P
max
) of the hybrid composite approximately doubled, and
consequently the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness energy (G
IIC
) exhibited an increase reaching nearly 100% compared
to the reference composite. The healing component was activated using external heat. P
max
and G
IIC
recovery after activation
were measured, exhibiting a healing efficiency after the first healing cycle close to 85% for Pmax and 100% for G
IIC
, even-
tually dropping to 80% for P
max
while G
IIC
was retained around 100% even after the fourth healing cycle. Acoustic Emission
activity during the tests was monitored and was found to be strongly reduced due to the presence of the SP.
Keywords: smart polymers, CFRPs, supramolecular polymers, fracture toughness, self-healing
eXPRESS Polymer Letters Vol.10, No.11 (2016) 914–926
Available online at www.expresspolymlett.com
DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2016.85
*
Corresponding author, e-mail: kostopoulos@mech.upatras.gr
© BME-PT