Journal of Pharmacology & Clinical Research ISSN: 2473-5574 Mini Review Volume 2 Issue 5 - May 2017 DOI: 10.19080/JPCR.2017.02.555599 J of Pharmacol & Clin Res Copyright © All rights are reserved by Adesuyi A Leslie Ajayi Nano and Microtechnology Emerging Impact on Pharmacology and Medical Advances: Prospects and Challenges-Mini Review Obafunso A Ajayi 1 * and Adesuyi A Leslie Ajayi 2 1 Columbia Technology Ventures, Columbia University, USA 2 Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology Division, Baylor College of Medicine, USA Submission: April 26, 2017; Published: May 04, 2017 *Corresponding author: Adesuyi A Leslie Ajayi, MD, PhD, Division of Hypertension and Clinical pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77060, USA, Tel: ; Email: Abstract We conducted a focused review of the emerging impact of micro and nanoscale engineered products (nano structures or nano vehicles) on the future efficacy and safety of old and newer medicines or biologics. The combination of medicines and biologics with nano vehicles constitute nano medicines. The size of these nano medicines in use range from 10-1000nm, which crosses the boundaries of nano to micro technology. The arena of greatest advance was in the preclinical and clinical development of novel engineered drug delivery systems through the use adjunctive nano vehicles, which permitted greater site of action drug delivery and increased concentrations, targeted site delivery by passive and active targeting, delivery into hard to reach areas (including brain, eyes, intracellular sites), and cell nucleus. These developments hold the promise to reduce systemic adverse effects of toxic drugs, such as seen with cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, reduce systemic adverse drug reactions, and overcome multidrug drug (MDR) resistance. There are issues of local toxicity arising from prolonged half life and increased residence time of PEGlylated liposomes bearing anticancer agents. Nano medicines that are site targeted also have a role in personalized medicine. Taken together, the l engineered nano vehicles have a promising impact, to translate to improved therapeutic outcomes in a wide variety of clinical situations, whilst also achieving some unmet therapeutic goals, but the issue of safety of the biodegradable products, and the cost and cost-effectiveness remain unanswered. Keywords: Nano medicines; Nano vehicles; Cancers; Brain; Eye; Nano toxicity Abbreviations: BBB: blood brain barrier; PEG: Polyethylene Glycol; ALL: Acute lymphocytic Leukemia; AMD: Age related -Macular Degeneration; SiRNA: Small interfering RNA; f-CNT: Functionalized Carbon Nano tubes; SWCNT: Single Walled CNT; MWCNT: Multi-walled CNT; VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; CNTMTT: CNT mediated Thermal Therapy; EPR: Enhanced and Permeation Retention; MDR: Multi-Drug Resistance Introduction Nanostructures are engineered materials with one of the dimensions ranging from 1- 100nm, whilst microstructures are devices or products ranging from 1micrometer and above. The physical, chemical, optical properties of these materials at this size tend to differ from the bulk substances from which they were made [1]. One major advantage of nano particles or nano vehicles is the possession of a high surface area to weight ratio, this permits their greater reactivity with molecules and ligands than larger ones in standard drug formulations, leading to putatively greater efficacy [1,2]. The various types of smart nano vehicles with tunable physicochemical properties range from drug-polymer conjugates, micro particles up to 100micrometers in size, protein filled nano particles, micelle- polymers and liposomes and other temperature or body PH sensitive structures [1-5]. The current reviews discusses the nano engineered materials and their properties, focuses on how the nano vehicles transport drugs, genes or biologicals to ‘sanctuary sites” which are hard to reach for conventional drug delivery systems, owing to barriers to drug penetration. These include areas, such as the brain and brain or brain neoplasms, due to J of Pharmacol & Clin Res 2(5): JPCR.MS.ID. 555599 (2017) 001