Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Public Relations Review journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pubrev Full Length Article Public relations practitioners’ attitudes towards the ethical use of social media in Portuguese speaking countries Sónia Pedro Sebastião ⁎ , Giovana Zulato, Tânia Belo Santos ISCSP, CAPP, University of Lisbon, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, Rua Almerindo Lessa, 1300-663 Lisbon, Portugal ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Public relations Social media Ethics Survey Cross-cultural ABSTRACT Based on Toledano and Avidar (2016) method and questionnaire statements, and inspired by its theory, this paper focuses on studies about internet-related public relations from an ethical standpoint. As such, this study’s objective is to assess the attitudes of public relations practitioners (PRs) while using social media professionally, identifying some ethical issues and the implications of their perceptions, by means of a quantitative study supported by an online survey. A questionnaire, which included thirteen attitude statements related to transparency, authenticity, truthfulness and respect for competition, plus five demographic questions, has been applied to PRs from Portugal and Brazil. Research questions include concerns about PRs’ attitudes towards ethically acceptable or non-acceptable online public relations practices and the influence of socio-cultural environments, namely, of countries’ human freedoms respect and levels of transparency in PRs’ ethical attitudes. Results show no significant differences between practitioners from Portugal and Brazil. Portuguese and Brazilian PRs share common cultural attributes that might explain similar perceptions around professional ethics. As for ethical dimensions, authenticity and transparency are not vehemently defended in both countries. 1. Introduction Research on internet-related public relations has been improving in recent years, with an increasing number of published articles (Duhé, 2015; Ye & Ki, 2012). Despite the possible outdating of Ye and Ki’s study (2012), it seems safe to state that online public relations research still lacks applied theoretical framework (symmetry and dialogic theories are still predominant), in-depth qualitative studies are scarce and there is a concentration of studies on the use of digital platforms rather than a critical analysis of its effects and ways to improve the medium. Furthermore, most of the research conducted so far has attempted to provide recommendations to practitioners on how to take advantage of these technologies to help organisations build relationships, solve problems, and enact socially responsible goals. Rational arguments include the need for ethical behaviour (e.g. Brown, 2009; Macnamara & Zerfass, 2012), seen as a notable concern of social media research in public relations (Duhé, 2015). Bearing this lack of reflective research, this study is a contribution to the understanding of internet-related public relations from an ethical standpoint considering pr practices in different cultural environments and, in particular, in the Portuguese speaking cultural context. This paper does not intend to present a discussion about the ontology of ethics and ethical behaviour (e.g. Bowen, Hung-Baesecke, & Chen, 2016, p. 5), but to shed light on the perceived importance of this kind of behaviour while using social media in public relations practice of different countries. Ethics is, as such, considered specifically among perceptions of communication http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.03.012 Received 4 April 2016; Received in revised form 30 March 2017; Accepted 30 March 2017 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: ssebastiao@iscsp.ulisboa.pt (S.P. Sebastião), giovanazulato@yahoo.com.br (G. Zulato), taniabelosantos@gmail.com (T.B. Santos). Public Relations Review xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx 0363-8111/ © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Pedro Sebastião, S., Public Relations Review (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.03.012