© American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2017 S. El-Khamisy (ed.), Personalised Medicine, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1007, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_4 The Emerging Role of Proteomics in Precision Medicine: Application in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neurotrauma Rana Alaaeddine, Mira Fayad, Eliana Nehme, Hisham F. Bahmad, and Firas Kobeissy Abstract Inter-individual variability in response to pharmacotherapy has provoked a higher demand to personalize medical decisions. As the field of pharma- cogenomics has served to translate personalized medicine from concept to practice, the contribution of the “omics” disciplines to the era of precision medicine seems to be vital in improving therapeutic outcomes. Although we have observed significant advances in the field of genomics towards personalized medicine, the field of proteomics-with all its capabilities- is still in its infancy towards the area of personalized precision medicine. Neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma are among the areas where the implementation of neuroproteomics approaches have enabled neuro- scientists to broaden their understanding of neural disease mechanisms and characteristics. It has been shown that the influence of epigenetics, genetics and environmental factors were among the recognized factors contributing to the diverse presentation of a single disease as well as its treatment establishing the factor–disease interaction. Thus, management of these variable single disease presentation/outcome necessitated the need for factoring the influence of epigenetics, genetics, epigenetics, and other factors on disease progression to create a custom treatment plan unique to each individual. In fact, neuroproteomics with its high ability to decipher protein alterations along with their post translational modifica- tions (PTMs) can be an ideal tool for personalized medicine goals includ- R. Alaaeddine Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon M. Fayad Biomedical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture and Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 4 E. Nehme • F. Kobeissy (*) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon e-mail: firasko@gmail.com H.F. Bahmad (*) Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon e-mail: hfbahmad@gmail.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28