How Effective Is Bibliotherapy for Very Old Adults With Subthreshold Depression? A Randomized Controlled Trial Karlijn J. Joling, M.Sc., Hein P.J. van Hout, Ph.D., Petronella J. van’t Veer-Tazelaar, Ph.D., Henriette E. van der Horst, Ph.D., M.D., Pim Cuijpers, Ph.D., Peter M. van de Ven, P.h.D., Harm W. J. van Marwijk, Ph.D., M.D. Objectives: Depressive symptoms are common among elderly primary care patients, and because they encounter considerable barriers in seeking help and they often resist referral to specialized mental health facilities, it is important to look for easily accessible interventions within the primary care setting. Bibliotherapy, which has been found to be effective among younger populations, might be an attractive option. In this study, the authors investigated the effectiveness of bibliotherapy for depressive symptomatology in very old adults. Design: Randomized controlled trial. After a 3-month period of “watchful waiting,” the participants were randomly assigned to a bibliotherapy group or a usual care group. Setting: Thirty-three general practices in the north-western region of the Netherlands. Participants: One hundred seventy community-dwelling adults, aged 75 and older, with subthreshold depression. Intervention: The bibliotherapy intervention consisted of an information leaflet and a self-help manual “Coping with Depression” adapted for the elderly. Measurements: Outcome measures after 3 months were a) change in depressive symptoms according to the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and b) the proportion of participants who scored a significant improvement on the CES-D. Results: One hundred forty-six (85.9%) of the 170 participants completed the baseline and follow-up measurements. The authors did not find any clinically rele- vant and statistically significant differences between the intervention group and the control group in the severity of the depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Bibliother- apy as a stand-alone intervention for the elderly (aged 75 years and older) did not reduce depressive symptoms more than usual care. This might indicate that biblio- therapy can only be effective for patients who are motivated and acknowledge their depression. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19:256–265) Key Words: Subthreshold depression, elderly, empowerment, bibliotherapy Received January 13, 2010; revised May 5, 2010; accepted May 7, 2010. From the Department of General Practice, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO + ) (KJJ, HPJvH, PJvV-T, HEvdH, PC, HWJvM); and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center (PMvdV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Send correspondence and reprint requests to K.J. Joling, M.Sc., Department of General Practice, EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. e-mail: k.joling@vumc.nl c  2011 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry DOI: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ec8859 Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. 256 Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19:3, March 2011