International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Dentistry Volume 2012, Article ID 460856, 6 pages doi:10.5402/2012/460856 Clinical Study Periodontal Status amongst Substance Abusers in Indian Population Shantipriya Reddy, Sanjay Kaul, Chaitali Agrawal, M. G. S. Prasad, Jaya Agnihotri, Nirjhar Bhowmik, D. Amudha, and Soumya Kambali Department of Periodontics, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College and Research Center, SGR Institutions, Bangalore 560037, India Correspondence should be addressed to Shantipriya Reddy, nirbhowmik@yahoo.co.in Received 13 January 2012; Accepted 13 February 2012 Academic Editors: H. S. Cardash and G. Sjogren Copyright © 2012 Shantipriya Reddy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. In India there have been limited number of studies on periodontal status among drug addicts, and thus this study aims to assess the Oral hygiene and periodontal status in substance abusers and compare it with non-substance abusers. Methods. A comparative study was conducted to assess the periodontal status in substance abusers. Non-substance abusers were procured from the general population of Bangalore. From the control group 250 non-substance abusers were age and sex matched with the study population of substance abusers. The oral hygiene and periodontal condition of all subjects was assessed using Oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-S), Russell’s periodontal indices and Gingival bleeding index. Results. The mean of OHI-S and Periodontal Index (Russell’s Index) scores were higher (2.70 and 3.68, resp.) in substance abusers than the control group (2.45 and 2.59, resp.). The mean Gingival bleeding score was lower (9.69) in substance abusers than the control group (22.7) and found to be statistically significant. A positive correlation found between OHI-S and Russell’s periodontal index whereas negative correlation was found between OHI-S and Gingival bleeding in substance abusers. Conclusions. Though the oral hygiene was fair, more periodontal destruction and less of gingival bleeding were observed in substance abusers as compared to control group. 1. Introduction Drug abuse and narcotic addiction are acknowledged prob- lems all over the world having both social and medical impli- cations. They affect a wide range of the population from all socioeconomic classes, and both genders are equally affected. The health consequences of drug abuse are serious, and the oral health is negatively affected in any society where drug dependency is widespread. This is most likely because of the physical and emotional instability of the addict along with lack of concern for oral health. The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases has been reported to be higher among drug abusers than the rest of the general population. 1.1. Alcohol and Periodontal Disease. Several plausible bio- logical explanations exist for a detrimental effect of alcohol on the periodontitis risk. Alcohol impairs neutrophil func- tion and increases monocyte production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF α), interleukins 1 and 6, in the gingival crevice contributing to bacterial overgrowth and increased bacterial penetration that may lead to periodontal inflammation. And lastly, alcohol may have a direct toxic effect on periodontal tissue similar to other tissues of the oropharynx. 1.2. Cocaine Abuse and Periodontal Disease. The vasocon- strictive effects of the drug resulted in loss of attachment in the local area and severe recession of the associated buccal periodontal tissue. 1.3. Nicotine and Cannabis Abuse and Periodontal Disease. The literature has identified smoker’s keratosis or pigmenta- tion changes, oral cancer, and a predisposition to periodontal