1. Discuss the scientific justifications of teacher-centered and learner-centered pedagogy A teaching method where the teacher is in actively involved in teaching while the learners are in a passive, receptive mode listening as the teacher teaches, The term student-centered learning refers to a wide variety of educational programs, learning experiences , instructional approaches, and academic-support strategies that are intended to address the distinct learning needs, interests, aspirations, or cultural backgrounds of individual students and groups of students. To accomplish this goal, schools, teachers, guidance counselors, and other educational specialists may employ a wide variety of educational methods, from modifying assignments and instructional strategies in the classroom to entirely redesigning the ways in which students are grouped and taught in a school. Because “student-centered learning” has broad implications, and the term may encompass a wide variety of potential instructional strategies and academic programs, it may be difficult to determine precisely what the term is referring to when it is used without qualification, specific examples, or additional explanation. In some cases, the term may have a very specific, technical meaning, but in others it may be vague, undecipherable jargon. For example, some educators use the term synonymously with “personalized learning” (and related terms), while others see personalized learning as one aspect of student-centered learning, but not a synonymous term or concept. For these reasons, it is important to investigate precisely how the term is being used, and what it is referring to, in a specific educational context. This approach of learning most likely arose in response to educational decisions that did not fully consider what students needed to know or what methods would be most effective in facilitating learning for individual students or groups of students. For example, many traditional approaches to schooling could be considered “school-centered,” rather than student-centered, because schools are often organized and managed in ways that work well for organizational operations, but that might not reflect the most effective ways to educate students. For example, it’s far more manageable—from an institutional, administrative, or logistical perspective—if all students are being taught in classrooms under the supervision of teachers, if they are given a fixed set of