_________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: dornelascb@yahoo.com.br; International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 5(2): 101-122, 2015, Article no.IJTDH.2015.011 ISSN: 2278–1005 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Therapeutic Arsenal against Leishmaniases: A Review Janaína B. de Menezes 1 , Tamires A. da Silva 2 , Luciano A. M. Grillo 2 and Camila B. Dornelas 1,2* 1 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil. 2 Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/IJTDH/2015/13391 Editor(s): (1) Anthony R. Mawson, Public Health & Director Institute of Epidemiology & Health Services Research, Jackson State University, USA. Reviewers: (1) Cyriac Abby Philips, Department of Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India. (2) Fernando Andrade-Narvaez, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México. (3) Anonymous, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil. (4) Anonymous, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Brazil. (5) Anonymous, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Brazil. (6) Anonymous, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history.php?iid=848&id=19&aid=6906 Received 14 th August 2014 Accepted 11 th October 2014 Published 13 th November 2014 ABSTRACT Leishmaniases are included in the group of reemerging neglected tropical diseases caused by flagellated parasites of the Leishmania genus. WHO recommends the use of chemotherapy as the main control measure for all the types of the disease. Antimonials are the first drug of choice, but they can be replaced by amphotericin B, mitelfosine, paromomycin and pentamidine isethionate, or combinations. Generally, all the medicines that contain these drugs have several drawbacks. In view of this, chemotherapy for Leishmaniasis is increasingly the object of study, searching for safer or more effective drugs or new drug delivery vehicles, where nanotechnology is crucial. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the therapeutic arsenal available in the market and that has been investigated for this application. Review Article