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International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research
Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473
Sensory Evaluation of Bambara Groundnut
(Vignasubterranea (L.) Verdc.) Food Products
in Ibadan, Nigeria
John Olayinka Atoyebi
a,b,
, Odutola Osilesi
b
, Olugbenga Adebawo
b
a National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, F.M.S.T., Moor – Plantation, PMB 5382, Ibadan, Nigeria
b Department of Biochemistry, Babcock University, Ilisan – Remo, Ogun – State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author : johnatoyebi@ymail.com
Abstract – Earlier reports of the nutrition analysis
(Atoyebiet. al., 2015) shows potentials in Bambara groundnut
(Vignasubterranea (L.) Verdc.) of African origin. With a view
to predict the perception or sensory evaluation of its
products; commercial purchase of cream coloured Bambara
groundnut (BG) from Bodija market, Oyo – state, Nigeria
was made into two main products (cooked Bambara
groundnut beans and cooked Bambara groundnut paste
‘okpa’) and served to fifteen (15) respondents each;
representing employees of the National Centre for Genetic
Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Ibadan, Nigeria,
serving as taste panelists / perceptionists for these products.
The results obtained showed that 58.32% of the respondents
preferred the look of the beans as appealing to consume
while the okpa appeals to 64.27% of them. Also, the product
smell and taste were scored 49.91% and 58.22 % respectively
for the cooked Bambara beans, as against those for okpa,
which were 85.71% and 71.42% respectively, as attested by
the respondents. The overall product acceptability was
scored at 62.84% of the respondents for desirability for the
consumption of cooked Bambara beans, while 71.42% of
them scored the same criteria for the okpa food product. The
result of this evaluation indicated that developing countries,
like Nigeria can tap into the immense acceptability of the
Bambara groundnut food products, with the aim of
improving on its sustenable utilisation and consumption
towards reducing hunger, malnutrition and enhance food
security in a developing country like Nigeria.
Keywords – Cooked Bambara Beans, Okpa, Sensory
Evaluation, Utilisation.
INTRODUCTION
Bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea (L.)Verdc.)is a
neglected and under-utilised species (NUS), that is often
cultivated extensively by smallholding farmers of the
semi-arid regions of Africa (Azam-Ali et. al.,2001).
Sometimes, it is often intercropped with cereals, root and
tuber crops, with an average yields of (650–850 kg ha-1),
though this depends on the soil type and other climatic
conditions (Stanton et al. 1966). Bambara groundnut out-
yields other legumes under some non - favorable
conditions, particularly under limited rainfall and on
infertile soils (National Research Council 1979). The crop
is predominantly grown in Africa, where it has been found
to be the third most important legume crop after peanut
and cowpea (Howell 1994). It is a preferred food crop by
many local people, since it has been considered as a poor –
man food; and secondly due to the nutrition potentials,
though the cooking constraints exists for the beans. It is a
good supplement to a cereal-based diet and this makes it to
be nutritionally superior to other legumes (Azam-Ali et al.
2001).It is a complete food, with dietary requirements to
meet the daily needs of the body.
Research has shown that in most developing countries,
because of the high price of meat and fish, the interest is
focused on grain legumes as a source of protein. Hence,
legumes like the Bambara groundnut are rich not only in
proteins, but in other nutrients such as starch and fat, as
well as minerals and amino acids. However, nutritional
potentials in the seeds of Bambara groundnut is somehow
restricted by the presence of anti-nutrients such as tannin,
phytic acid and enzyme inhibitors. Different processing
methods such as cooking, roasting and autoclaving,
significantly affects some parameters such as the tannin
content in Bambara groundnut. For example, activities
such as, dehulling, soaking and boiling had being found to
also have effects on the amount of tannin, as discarding
cooking water had been shown to be effective in reducing
the tannin content (Murevanhema, Y.Y. et. al, 2013).Apart
from carbohydrate, protein is the highest and most
important nutrient parameter in Bambara groundnut
profiles.
The amino acids are the building blocks of proteins,
where they serve as important precursors for its synthesis.
Amino acids are biologically important organic
compounds containing amine (-NH
2
) and carboxylic acid
(-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain (R
group) which are specific to each amino acid (Catherine
et. al., 2013). The structural components of an amino acid
are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,
although there are other elements, which are found in the
side-chains of certain amino acids. About 500 amino acids
are known, even though only 20 appear in the genetic code
and can be classified in many ways. On the other hand,
essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an
amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the
organism, and thus must be supplied in its diet. They are
nine in this category of amino acids, which the humans
cannot synthesize. They are phenylalanine, valine,
threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine,
lysine, and histidine. There are also six other amino acids,
which are considered conditionally essential in the human
diet, meaning their synthesis can be limited under special
pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the
infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress. These six
are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline, and
tyrosine. There are also five amino acids, which are
Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) :
Received: 14/02/2017 | Accepted on : 18/02/2017 | Published : 05/04/2017