Abstract - This research attempted to fill the knowledge gap in
cyberbullying phenomenon by focusing on factors that
contribute to its activities among adolescents in Malaysia. The
research seeks to understand the antecedents and the contexts
and prevailing conditions that influence it, as well as the
phenomenon, the coping strategies and the consequences
resulting from the coping strategies. Using a grounded theory
methodology, in-depth interviews were conducted on adolescents
aged between 12 to 18 years from different schools in the state of
Perlis. The data were analyzed using NVivo 10 by methodically
coding and categorizing the data in open, axial and selective
coding to arrive at a model development. A paradigm model was
obtained based on informants’ individual comments and
experiences which uniquely contribute to the body of knowledge
on cyberbullying phenomenon in Malaysia. The involved
elements derived from the model are; the antecedents of
cyberbullying; the phenomenon; the coping strategies by
informants and the consequences resulting from these strategies.
The significance of this study lies in its attempt to provide a
working framework for reducing adolescents’ technology abuse
that will eventually lead to cyberbullying and to find solutions
for adolescents to tackle cyberbullying problems if it ever
happened. This study is hoped to benefit all the parties:
adolescents, parents, teachers, and other stakeholders to
minimize adolescents’ cyberbullying phenomenon.
Index Terms - Cyberbullying, Paradigm model, Grounded
theory
I. INTRODUCTION
THE necessity for in-depth research on
cyberbullying factors among adolescents is particularly
relevant in the Malaysian context, given that the last few
years have witnessed a significant raise in cyberbullying
incidents in Malaysia. However, there is a lack of studies
regarding cyberbullying activities in Malaysia prior to 2008
as far as the researcher is concerned. Globally, the
cyberbullying research has focused mainly on quantitative
research rather than qualitative. Therefore, there is a need for
an in-depth look into this phenomenon, particularly in the
Malaysian context. Given that cyberbullying is a global
trepidation, the current study will initiate the investigation
and for future research to adapt its paradigm model for other
similar analysis. This current study, therefore, will explore
adolescents’ personal experiences and perceptions of
cyberbullying within the Malaysian environment, and
examines all factors that cause this phenomenon.
Previous researches have supported the view of
cyberbullying negative impact to adolescents. Breguet (2007)
found cyberbullying victims feel abandoned, unselfconfident,
and dishonored. As a consequence of these negative feelings
(Patchin & Hinduja, 2006; Strom & Strom, 2005) stressed
that victims may undergo lowered self-respect, despair,
feelings of depression, and alienation which may also lead to
psychological turmoil. Gati, Tenyi, Tury, and Wildmann
(2002) in their qualitative research of a female adolescent
identified with eating disorder, established that sexual
harassment on the Internet acted as a significant part in the
advancement of her disorder. In addition, Patchin and
Hinduja (2006) in their latest research of habitual Internet
users verified that frequent feelings stumbled upon by
cyberbullying victims embrace of disappointment and rage.
Beran and Li, (2005) in a study concerning 432 students,
implied that 57% of cyberbullying victims felt aggravated on
countless occurrences, and about 36% felt miserable and
affronted. Beran and Li (2005) strongly recommended that
these emotions of rage, misery, and upset will manipulate
students’ skills to concentrate in school and thrive
academically (Beran & Li, 2005). The effects of
cyberbullying have actually exceeded the emotional level
when there have suicides amongst children and youth in
response to extreme cases of cyberbullying (Shariff, 2009).
II. PRESENT STUDY
Studies have demonstrated how people act in a
different way in computer-mediated communication (CMC)
(Wallace, 1999) and these behaviors tend to hurt through its
own distinctive ways. Prior to cyberbullying, many
researchers have put their interest on traditional type of
bullying – the face-to-face bullying. Traditional bullying has
confirmed its negative impacts on adolescents (Mouttapa,
Valente, Gallaher, Rohrbach, & Unger, 2004; Veenstra,
Lindenberg, Oldehinkel, DeWinter, Verhulst, & Ormel,
2004; Fox & Boulton, 2005; Olweus, 1997, 2005). Olweus
(2003a) suggested that traditional bullying frequently
implicates severe and continuing consequences such as
anxiety, anger, depression, somatic symptoms, eating
disorders, chronic illness, impaired school functioning,
school avoidance, and suicidal ideation (Juvonen, Nishina, &
Graham, 2000; Nansel, Overpeck, Ramani, Ruan, Simons-
Morton, & Scheidt, 2001; Espelage & Swearer, 2003;
Juvonen, Graham, & Schuster, 2003; Olweus, 2003b/1993;
Rigby, 2003; Seals & Young, 2003; Plog, 2005; Patchin &
Hinduja, 2006). In severe cases, victims react with aggression
The Paradigm Model of Cyberbullying
Phenomenon
Hanif Suhairi Abu Bakar, Norhafezah Yusof, and Adrian M. Budiman
DOI: 10.5176/2335-6618_1.1.11
GSTF International Journal on Media & Communications(JMC) Vol.1 No.1, March 2013
98 © 2013 GSTF