Surface and sub-surface multi-proxy reconstruction of middle to late Holocene palaeoceanographic changes in Disko Bugt, West Greenland Matthias Moros a, * , Jeremy M. Lloyd b , Kerstin Perner a , Diana Krawczyk c , Thomas Blanz d , Anne de Vernal e , Marie-Michele Ouellet-Bernier e , Antoon Kuijpers f , Anne E. Jennings g , Andrzej Witkowski h , Ralph Schneider d , Eystein Jansen i, j a Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Department of Marine Geology, Germany b Durham University, Department of Geography, UK c Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland d Institute of Geosciences, Department of Geology, Kiel University, Germany e GEOTOP, Universit e du Qu ebec  a Montr eal, Canada f Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark g Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, United States h Faculty of Geosciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 18, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland i Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, All egaten 55, Bergen 5007, Norway j Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, All egaten 70, Bergen 5007, Norway article info Article history: Received 31 March 2015 Received in revised form 18 November 2015 Accepted 24 November 2015 Available online xxx Keywords: Sea surface temperature Alkenone %C 37:4 Diatoms Benthic foraminifera Dinocysts West Greenland Current Disko Bugt Holocene abstract We present new surface water proxy records of meltwater production (alkenone derived), relative sea surface temperature (diatom, alkenones) and sea ice (diatoms) changes from the Disko Bugt area off central West Greenland. We combine these new surface water reconstructions with published proxy records (benthic foraminifera - bottom water proxy; dinocyst assemblages e surface water proxy), along with atmospheric temperature from Greenland ice core and Greenland lake records. This multi-proxy approach allows us to reconstruct centennial scale middle to late Holocene palaeoenvironmental evo- lution of Disko Bugt and the Western Greenland coastal region with more detail than previously available. Combining surface and bottom water proxies identifies the coupling between ocean circulation (West Greenland Current conditions), the atmosphere and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Centennial to millennial scale changes in the wider North Atlantic region were accompanied by variations in the West Greenland Current (WGC). During periods of relatively warm WGC, increased surface air temperature over western Greenland led to ice sheet retreat and significant meltwater flux. In contrast, during periods of cold WGC, atmospheric cooling resulted in glacier advances. We also identify potential linkages between the palaeoceanography of the Disko Bugt region and key changes in the history of human occupation. Cooler oceanographic conditions at 3.5 ka BP support the view that the Saqqaq culture left Disko Bugt due to deteriorating climatic conditions. The cause of the disappearance of the Dorset culture is unclear, but the new data presented here indicate that it may be linked to a significant increase in meltwater flux, which caused cold and unstable coastal conditions at ca. 2 ka BP. The subsequent settlement of the Norse occurred at the same time as climatic amelioration during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and their disappearance may be related to harsher conditions at the beginning of the Little Ice Age. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction From the perspective of future climate change, the behaviour of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) is of critical interest, due to its po- tential impact on global sea-level changes and ocean circulation * Corresponding author. Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, See Str.15,18119 Rostock, Germany. E-mail address: matthias.moros@io-warnemuende.de (M. Moros). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.017 0277-3791/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Quaternary Science Reviews 132 (2016) 146e160