Contents Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946 17.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .946 17.2. Conceptual approaches to vulnerability assessments . . . . .949 17.2.1. A framework for analyzing vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .950 17.2.2. Focusing on interactive changes and stresses in the Arctic . .951 17.2.2.1.Trends in human and societal conditions . . . . . . . . . .952 17.2.2.2. Climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .952 17.2.2.3. UV radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .953 17.2.2.4. Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .953 17.2.2.5. Pollutant interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .954 17.2.3. Identifying coping and adaptation strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .955 17.2.3.1. Governance, regulations, and subsistence . . . . . . . . .956 17.2.3.2. Settlements, population, and migration . . . . . . . . . . .956 17.2.3.3. Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .956 17.2.3.4. Economies, markets, and trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957 17.2.3.5. Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957 17.3. Methods and models for vulnerability analysis . . . . . . . . . .957 17.3.1. Climate scenarios and downscaling to specific sites . . . . . . . .958 17.3.2. Measurement and methodology for pollutant analyses . . . . .959 17.3.3. Analysis of human and societal trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .959 17.3.4. Sources of local knowledge and stakeholders as participants . .959 17.4. Understanding and assessing vulnerabilities through case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .961 17.4.1. Candidate vulnerability case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .962 17.4.1.1. Sachs Harbour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .963 17.4.1.2. Greenland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .964 17.4.2. A more advanced vulnerability case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965 17.4.2.1. Reindeer nomadism in Finnmark, Norway . . . . . . . . .965 17.4.2.2. Modifying the general vulnerability framework . . . . .970 17.4.2.3. Climate change and climate variability in Finnmark: projections and potential effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971 17.4.2.4. Ecological impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .973 17.4.2.5. Coping with climate variability and change . . . . . . . .974 17.4.2.6. Constraints on coping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .976 17.4.2.7. Insights from the reindeer nomadism vulnerability case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .980 17.5. Insights gained and implications for future vulnerability assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .980 17.5.1. Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982 17.5.2. Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982 17.5.3.Trends in human and societal conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .983 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .983 Chapter 17 Climate Change in the Context of Multiple Stressors and Resilience Lead Author James J. McCarthy, Marybeth Long Martello Contributing Authors Robert Corell, Noelle Eckley Selin, Shari Fox, Grete Hovelsrud-Broda, Svein Disch Mathiesen, Colin Polsky, Henrik Selin, Nicholas J.C.Tyler Corresponding Author Kirsti Strøm Bull, Inger Maria Gaup Eira, Nils Isak Eira, Siri Eriksen, Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Johan Klemet Kalstad, Christian Nellemann, Nils Oskal, Erik S. Reinert, Douglas Siegel-Causey, Paal Vegar Storeheier, Johan Mathis Turi