Minia Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 1, Issue 2, conference Papers, December 2016, 442-474. Mind then Heart Control: Psychological Warfare as an element of Egyptian Strategy of War during New Kingdom (1) I. Terror of the King as an element of Psychological Warfare Ahmad Abo el Magd Minia University  Abstract: This paper discusses the violent treatments of the enemies and enemy captives by kings as an element of the grand strategy of war of the New Kingdom. This paper proposes that the use of violence and overpower against enemies and war captives helped to deliver a strong message aimed to discourage future hostility or rebellions either outside or inside Egypt during the New Kingdom Period. This paper argues that enemy’s morale or “fighting spirit” was the target of such violent procedures to instill fear of the king in their hearts which lead to troops breaking and fleeing in the battlefield.  Keywords: Psychological Warfare – Terror – Violence - New Kingdom  Introduction: War is purposeful and organized violence; a direct and brutal means of persuasion, designed to “compel our enemy to do our will". (2) Armed forces use an array of weapons of persuasion to destroy the physical ability of the enemy to resist. While killing the enemy is perhaps the most direct and obvious means to disarm an opposing force, war can also be viewed as a non-lethal assault on the enemy mind rather than the body. (3) Metallic, leather and linen body armour, shields, breastplates and helmets can protect bodies. (4) The mind has no such protections, making soldiers particularly vulnerable to a variety of disturbing psychological stimuli on the battlefield including fear, shock, and uncertainty. (5) Though perhaps overstated, some have even argued that attacking the mind was even more important than attacking the body. Surrender after all, wrote one Army officer “is a state of mind,” or, in the vulgate, “Capture their minds and their hearts and souls will follow”. (6) The phenomenon of warfare is generally referred as morale. It exists at a variety of levels, ranging from the national level, the large scale armed forces level, right down to the smallest tactical units. Morale, the target of psychological warfare, is some kind of 1 The researcher inspired this title, though in different sphere but the same military context, from the title of a Ph.D. dissertation: Jacobson, M. R., ‘Minds then hearts:’ U.S. Political and Psychological warfare during the Korean War, The Ohio State University 2005. 2 C. Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Sir Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 1984, 75. 3 M. Jacobson, Minds then Hearts, 1. 4 McDermott, S., Ancient Egyptian Footsoldiers and their weapons: A study of military iconography and weapon remains, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Manchester, 2002, 47-83. 5 M. Jacobson, Minds then Hearts, 1. 6 Office of the Secretary of Defense, “Meet Psychological Warfare,” Armed Forces Talk 303(1949), 1-11.