THE TUMULI OF TROY AND THE TROAD 373 C. Brian Rose, Reyhan Körpe The Tumuli of Troy and the Troad (Plates 168–177) Abstract This article focuses on the tumuli that lie in the western and central parts of the Troad; as a group, they functioned as attraction points, landscape markers, and social-cultural phenomena. The tumuli along the northwest coast of the Troad, in the shadow of Ilium, probably began to be associated with the graves of the Homeric heroes during the early Archaic period. Two of the mounds were often linked to Achilles and Patroclus; others have been connected with Antilochus, Protesilaus, and Ajax. Athens’ first overseas colony of Sigeum was probably founded here in order to co-opt the legendary framework that these tumuli represented. They also formed the nucleus of a tourism industry centered on Ilium, and the tumulus of Achilles appears to have been monumentalized in the 3rd century BC to increase its tourism potential. The tumuli in the center of the Troad, along the Granicus and Aesepus rivers, date primarily to the Archaic and Classical periods, and were set up by wealthy Anatolians associated with the Persian satrap in Dascylium. These served both as estate markers and as components in a system of aristo- cratic competition. The sarcophagi and tomb chambers contained within them are among the earliest examples of Proconnesian marble monuments, and most were sited along the principal roads and waterways for easy viewing. The estates that produced these tumuli were largely abandoned after Alex- ander’s conquests, and the area would not become inhabited again until a series of late Roman earth- quakes prompted the inhabitants of the coastal cities to return to the interior. Keywords Troy, Ilium, Granicus River Valley, Achilles (tomb of), Sigeum The Troad is famous for its tumuli, primarily because so many of them have been identified as the tombs of Homeric heroes – not just during the Greek and Roman periods, but over the course of nearly three millennia (Figs. 1–3). Although the Troad is filled with tumuli – a mixture of burials, cenotaphs, and settlement mounds, this article will focus on only two groups: those in the immediate vicinity of Ilium, and those of the east side of the Granicus River, in the north central section of the Troad, since these are the best documented areas. Many of the mounds that punctuate the landscape around the citadel of Troy are settle- ment mounds, not burials, which date between the later Neolithic period and the Bronze Age. Two of the most famous examples are the mound of Sivritepe, 4 km from Troy (Figs. 4–5), and Karaag ˘ açtepe (Fig. 6), often identified as the tomb of Protesilaus, at the end of the Gallipoli peninsula; Hanaytepe and Pashatepe are also cases in point. 1 The date at 1 Sivritepe: Schliemann 1881, 665–669; Winnefeld 1902, 545–547; Cook 1973, 173–174; Korfmann 1985, 167; 1986, 309–310; 1989, 474–481; Karaag ˘açtepe: Schliemann 1884, 254–262; Winnefeld 1902, 547; Hanaytepe: Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 11.04.16 15:24 C. Brian Rose, Reyhan Körpe, “The Tumuli of Troy and the Troad” (s. 373-386) Tumulus as Sema, Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC Edited by Olivier Henry and Ute Kelp 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston