140 Conference Interpreting and Interpreting Teams Christopher Stone and Debra Russell The practice of Deaf people working as interpreters is growing in both importance and prevalence in many countries, and numerous contribu- tions to this volume demonstrate that Deaf people have worked as inter- preters (DIs) for a very long time. Traditionally, however, they do not perform as platform interpreters at conferences. Conference interpreting is unidirectional work from one language to another, typically for our spoken-language colleagues into their L1. The need for conference interpreting in Deaf history is not always apparent, but interpreting likely occurred at several historic events. For instance, from 1834 on (Mottez, 1993), Deaf people invited nonsigning people to attend the Paris banquets, where signing people (e.g., Eugène de Monglave) acted as interpreters for them. By the third banquet, Deaf people from Italy, England, and Germany were also attending, and much was made of the universality of sign language, suggesting that some form of International Sign (IS) was being used. As such it is possible that some Deaf French attendees supported the hearing interpreters working from IS to LSF (French Sign Language) for attendees such as Monglave to interpret into spoken French, although this is not documented. In North America, the use of DIs at conferences has grown since the 1980s. One of the irst times that DIs served as interpreters was very likely at the Conference of Interpreter Trainers (CIT) in February 1983 at Asilomar, California (Dr. C. Roy, personal communication, August 30, 2013). The conference organizers had invited faculty from the Monterrey Institute of International Studies, Conference Interpreting program, to give talks on interpreter education for four days. At the irst day of the conference Etilvia Arjona gave a talk titled “Education of Translators and Interpreters.” The response to Arjona’s presentation was given by Dr. C. Roy. Since Dr. Roy’s talk was prepared in advance and she knew it would be interpreted, she invited MJ Bienvenu, a Deaf interpreter and translator, to provide a sight translation as she