analysis (such as the US, BRICS countries or NGOs). In sum, the analysis illustrates important challenges even if it is not comprehensive and does not build a systemic theory for postnational rule-making. GRAÇA ENES University of Porto European Identity in the Context of National Identity: Questions of Identity in Sixteen European Countries in the Wake of the Financial Crisis, edited by B. Westle and P. Segatti (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, ISBN 9780198732907); xviii+351pp., £60.00 hb. The chapters of this edited volume focus on the timely and pressing issue of how the notions and understandings of identity and citizenship among the elites and citizens of European Union (EU) Member States have been evolving ‘on the eve of the Great Recession, in 2007 and in 2009’ (p. 296). It presents cross-level analysis of European and national identity, by drawing on the mass and elite survey data collected in 2007 and 2009 as well as by referring to the European Commission’s Eurobarometer (EB) public opinion surveys. The book is not organized into separate sections and yet this does not lead to any complications with the flow of arguments. Chapter 1 sets the theoretical and conceptual context, Chapter 2 introduces a discussion on the meaning of Europe for political elites, which is followed by an analysis of the interaction between subnational and national identities in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 brings the discussion of the two previous chapters together by examining the individual and contextual characteristics that lead to identification with Europe and/or the nation. The seamless flow of the chapters becomes more evident concerning Chapters 5 to 7 in particular, which explore the structure of the meaning attached to European and national identity; investigate which types of representation of Europe and the nation foster or block identification with Europe; and test the role of different individual and contextual variables in determining how the elites and citizens identify with the nation and Europe, respectively. Chapter 8 looks into how types of national identity and perceptions of globalization can shape identification with Europe and the nation as well as condition the perception of Europe either as an agent of globalization or a shield against it. While Chapter 9 explores ‘trust in people as a possible dimension of identity and diffuse support of political communities’ (p. 269), Chapter 10 delves into an analysis of the extent to which pro-EU attitudes are motivated by instrumental reasons and by European identity. Finally, Chapter 11 sums up the key research results. A major limitation of the book is that some of its broad and generalized conclusions are based on survey data collected almost a decade ago; a shortcoming also acknowledged by the editors (p. 296). Moreover, the book appears to have missed the opportunity to add an important analytical layer by omitting any reflections on the potential implications of the recent migrant and refugee arrivals to Europe on the way boundaries of subnational, national and European identities Book reviews 946 © 2017 University Association for Contemporary European Studies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd