Journal of Automation and Control, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 3, 62-66
Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/automation/3/3/4
© Science and Education Publishing
DOI:10.12691/automation-3-3-4
The Block Diagram and Equations of State
of the Bond Graph Example
Darina Hroncová
*
, Alexander Gmiterko, Tomáš Lipták
Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovak
republic
*Corresponding author: darina.hroncova@tuke.sk
Abstract The work shows the use the methodology of Bond Graph for modeling electric system of simple RLC
circuit. Electrical model is solved by this approach at the level of its physical behavior. In this paper the method of
generation of state equations system is discussed. Model of a simple electrical RLC circuit consisting of a resistor,
an inductor, and a capacitor is taken. The differential equations describing the dynamics of the system are obtained
in terms of the states of the system.
Keywords: Modeling of dynamic systems, Bond Graphs, energy modeling, state equation
Cite This Article: Darina Hroncová, Alexander Gmiterko, and Tomáš Lipták, “The Block Diagram and
Equations of State of the Bond Graph Example.” Journal of Automation and Control, vol. 3, no. 3 (2015): 62-66.
doi: 10.12691/automation-3-3-4.
1. Introduction
The concept of bond graphs was originated by Paynter.
The idea was further developed by Karnopp
and Rosenberg in their textbooks, such that it could be
used in practice by Thoma, Van Dixhoorn, Breedveld
and by others [1,2,3,4].
The language of bond graphs aspires to express general
class physical systems through power interactions.
The factors of power i.e., effort and flow, have different
interpretations in different physical domains. Yet, power
can always be used as a generalized coordinate to model
coupled systems residing in several energy domains.
A causal bond graph contains all information to derive
the set of state equations. The procedure to derive these
equations is covered by bond graph software like Enport
(Rosenberg, 1974), MS1 (Lorenz, 1997), CAMP (Granda,
1985), and 20-SIM (Broenink, 1990, 1995, 1997, 1999;
Broenink and Kleijn, 1999). Therefore, in practice,
generation of equation need not be done by hand.
However, we discuss the generation of equations
to indicate what exactly has to be done.
2. Bond Graph of the Electrical System -
Description of the Model
The language of bond graphs aspires to express general
class physical systems through power interactions.
The factors of power i.e., effort and flow, have different
interpretations in different physical domains. Yet, power
can always be used as a generalized coordinate to model
coupled systems residing in several energy domains.
To demonstrate the bond graph methodology as an
example an electrical model of RLC system is analyzed
Figure 1a. An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit
consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor. The
RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the
usual electrical symbols for resistance, inductance and
capacitance respectively [5].
Figure 1. Electrical system: a) electrical model of RLC system; b)
reference voltage uref with positive direction; c) efforts (voltages) with
unique names u1, u2, u3
3. Systematic Procedure to Derive a Bond
Graph of the Electrical System
We have discussed the basic bond-graph elements and
the bond, so we can transform a domain-dependent ideal-
physical model, written in domain-dependent symbols,
into a bond graph. For this transformation, there is a
systematic procedure, which is presented here. This
electrical system contains a voltage source effort SE
(SE:uz), a resistor R (R:R), an inductor I (I:L) and a
capacitor C (C:1/C). In the step 1 we determine which
physical domains exist in the system and identify all basic